Aagard, K. and L.K. Coachman, 1975: Toward an ice-free Arctic Ocean. EOS 56, 484-486

Abegg, U. König, R. Bürki and H. Elsaesser, 1997: Climate Impact Assessment im Tourismus. Die Erde 128, 105-116

Achatz, U. and G. Branstator, 1998: A quasi-geostrophic model with empirical linear corrections and reduced order for climate simulations. J. Atmos Sci. 56: 3140-3160

Achatz, U., and G. Schmitz, 1997: On the closure problem in the reduction of complex atmospheric models by PIPs and EOFs: A comparison for the case of a two-layer model with zonally symmetric forcing. J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 2452-2474

Achatz, U., G. Schmitz and K.-M. Greisiger, 1995: Principal Interaction Patterns in baroclinic wave life cycles, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 3201-3213

Ahn, Y.-I., D.-K. Lee, 2002: Impact of bogus tropical cyclones on summertime circulation in regional climate simulation. J. Geophys Res. 107 D16, 10.1029/2001JD000416, 8.1 - 8.16

Albrecht, F., T. Wahl, J. Jensen, R. Weisse, R., 2011: Determining sea level change in the German Bight, Ocean Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s10236-011-0462-z

Alexandersson, H., 1986: A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data. J. Climatol. 6, 661-675

Alexandersson, H., and A. Moberg, 1997: Homogenization of Swedish temperature data. Part I: A homogeneity test for linear trends. Int. J. Climatol. 17, 25-34

Alexandersson, H., and A. Moberg, 1997: Homogenization of Swedish temperature data. Part II: Homogenized gridded air temperature compared with a subset of global gridded air temperature since 1861. Int. J. Climatol. 17, 35-54

Alexandersson, H., T. Schmith, K. Iden and H. Tuomenvirta, 1998: Long-term trend variations of the storm climate over NW Europe. The Global Atmos. Oc. System 6, 97-120

Alexandersson, H., T. Schmith, K. Iden and H. Tuomenvirta, 2000: Trends of storms in NW Europe derived from an updated pressure data set. Clim. Res. 14:71-73

Alexandru, A., R. de Elía, R. Laprise, 2007: Internal variability in regional climate downscaling at the seasonal scale. Monthly Wea. Rev. 135, 3221-3238

Allemeyer, M.L., 2006: "Kein Land ohne Deich ...!" Lebenswelten einer Küstengesellschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit. Vandenhoek & Ruprecht GmbH 6 Co, Göttingen, ISBN 10:3-535-35879-2, 448 pp.

Allen, M.R. and L.A. Smith, 1994: Investigating the origins and significance of low-frequency modes of climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 883-886

Allen, M.R. and L.A. Smith, 1996: Monte Carlo SSA: Detecting irregular oscillations in the presence of colored noise. J. Climate 9, 3373-3404

Ambaum, M. H.P., 2008: Unimodality of wave amplitude in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci.65, 1077-1086, DOI: 10.1175/2007JAS2298.1

Anchukaitis, K.J., M. N. Evans, A. Kaplan, E. A. Vaganov, M. K. Hughes, H. D. Grissino-Mayer, and M. A. Cane, 2006: Forward modeling of regional scale tree-ring patterns in the southeastern United States and the recent influence of summer drought. Gephys. Res. Lett. . 33, L04705, doi:10.1029/2005GL025050, 2006

Arakawa, H., 1957: Climatic change as revealed by the data from the Far East. Weather 12, 46-51

Arnell, N: W., 2004:Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14: 31?52

Arpe, K., L. Bengtsson, G.S. Golytsin, I.I. Mokhov, V.A. Semenov and P.V. Sporyshev, 1999: Analysis and modeling of the hydrological regime variations in the Caspian Sea Basin. Doklady Earth Sciences 366, 552-556

Arrhenius, S.A., 1896: On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 41, 237-276

Arrhenius, S.A., 1903: Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik. Volume Two. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1026 S.

Arrhenius, S.A., 1908: Das Werden der Welten. Leipzig Akademische Verlagsanstalt m.b.H., 208 pp

Ashton, A., A. B. Burray and O. Arnault, 2001: Formation of coastline features by large-scale instabilities induced by high-angle waves. Nature 414, 296-300

Aspelien, T., 2006: The use of long-term observations in combination with modelling and their effect on the estimation of the North Sea storm surge climate. PhD thesis, Hamburg, 106pp

Auer, I., R. Böhm and R. Steinacker, 1996: An opinion toll among climatologists about climate change topics. Meteor. Z. NF 5, 145-155

Auer, I., R. Böhm, AJurkovic, W. Lipa, A: Orlik, R. Potzmann, W. Schöner, M. Ungersböck, C. Matulla, K.Briffa, P. Jones, D. Efthymiadis, M. Brunetti, T. Nanni, M. Maugeri, L. Mercalli, O. Mestre, J.-M. Moisselin, M. Begert, G. Möller-Westermeier, V. Kveton, O.Bochnicek, P. Stastny, M. Lapin, S. Szalai, T. Szentimrey, T Cegnar, M. Dolinar, M, Gajic-Capka, K. Zaninovic, Z. Majstorovic and E.Nieplova, 2007: HISTALP ? historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region. Int. J. Climatol. 27: 17?46

Backhaus, J.O., 1985: A three-dimensional model for the simulation of shelf sea dynamics. Dtsche Hydr. Z 38: 165-187

Bakan, S., A. Chlond, U. Cubasch, J. Feichter, H. Graf, H. Grassl, K. Hasselmann, I. Kirchner, M. Latif, E. Roeckner, R. Sausen, U. Schlese, D. Schriever, I. Schult, U. Schumann, F. Sielmann and W. Welke, 1991: Climate response to smoke from the burning oil wells in Kuwait. Nature 351, 367-371

Barcikowska, M., F. Feser, W. Zhang, and W. Mei, 2016: Changes in intense Tropical Cyclone Activity for the Western North Pacific during the last decades derived from a Regional Climate Model Simulation. Climate Dynamics, in press.

Bárdossy, A., and H. J. Caspary, 1990: Detection of climate change in Europe by analyzing European circulation patterns from 1881 to 1989. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 42, 155-167

Bárdossy, A., and E. J. Plate, 1991: Modeling daily rainfall using a semi-Markov representation of circulation pattern occurrence. J. Hydrol. 122, 33-47

Bárdossy, A., and E. J. Plate, 1992: Space-time model for daily rainfall using atmospheric circulation patterns. Water Resour. Res. 28, 1247-1259

Barriendos, M., 1997: Climatic variations in the Iberian Peninsula during the late Maunder Minimum (AD 1675-1715): an analysis of data from rogation ceremonies. The Holocene 7: 105-111

Barriendos-Vallvé, M. and J. Martín-Vide, 1998: Secular climatic oscillations as indicated by catastrophic floods in the Spanish Mediterranean coast area (14th-19th centuries). Climatic Change 38: 473-491

Barkhordarian, A., 2012: Investigating the Influence of Anthropogenic Forcing on ObservedMean and Extreme Sea Level Pressure Trends over the Mediterranean Region. The Scientific World Journal Volume 2012, Article ID 525303, 16 pages doi:10.1100/2012/525303

Barnett, T.P., 1978: Estimating variability of surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev. 112, 303-312

Barnett, T.P., 1983: Interaction of the Monsoon and Pacific trade wind system at interannual time scale. Part I. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 756-773

Barnett, T.P., 1985: Variations in near-global sea level pressure. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 478-501

Barnett, T.P., 1986: Detection of changes in the global troposphere field induced by greenhouse gases. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6659-6667

Barnett, T.P., 1991: An attempt to detect the greenhouse-gas signal in a transient GCM simulation. In (M.E. Schlesinger, Ed.) Greenhouse-gas-induced Climatic Change: A critical appraisal of simulations and observations, Elsevier, 559-568

Barnett, T.P. and K. Hasselmann, 1979: Techniques of linear prediction with application to oceanic and atmospheric fields in the tropical Pacific. Revs. of Geophys. and Space Phys. 17, 949-955

Barnett, T.P. and R. Preisendorfer, 1987: Origins and levels of monthly and seasonal forecast skill for United States surface air temperature determined by canonical correlation analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev. 115, 1825-1850

Barnett, T.P., R.W. Preisendorfer, L.M. Goldstein and K. Hasselmann, 1981: Significance tests for regression model hierarchies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11, 1150-1154

Barnston, A.G., 1992: Correspondence among the correlation, RMSE, and Heidke forecast verification measures; refinement of the Heidke score. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 699-709

Barnston, A., 1994: Linear statistical short-term climate predictive skill in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate 7, 1513-1564

Barnston, A.G. and R.E. Livezey, 1987: Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev. 115, 1825-1850

Bärring, L., 1993: Climate - change or variation? Clim. Change 25: 1-13

Bärring, L., 1999: Preliminary analysis of pressure tendency variability in the Lund record (1780-), southern Sweden. Int. Conf. Climate Change & Variability - Past, Present & Future, Tokyo, Japan, 13-17 September, 1999

Bärring, L., and K. Fortuniak, 2009: Multi-indices analysis of southern Scandinavian storminess 1780?2005 and links to interdecadal variations in the NW Europe?North Sea region. Intern. J. Climatol. DOI: 10.1002/joc.1842

Barry, R.G. and Perry, A.H. 1973: Synoptic Climatology. Methuen, London.

Bates, B., S.P. Charles and J.P. Hughes, 1998: Stochastic downscaling of numerical climate model simulations. Env. Modelling and Software 13: 325-331

Bauer, E., 1996: Characteristic frequency distributions of remotely sensed in situ and modelled wind speeds. Intern. J. Climatol. 16: 1087-1102

Bauer, E., H. von Storch and M. Stolley, 2000: Sensitivity of ocean waves to speed changes of the weather stream. - Global Atmos. Ocean System, 7:91-106

Bauer, E., and R. Weisse, 2000: Determination of high-frequency wind variability from observations and applications to North Atlantic wave modelling. J. Geophys. Res. 105 C11: 26179-26190

Baur, F., P. Hess, and H. Nagel, 1944: Kalender der Grosswetterlagen Europas 1881-1939. Bad Homburg, 35 pp.

Beck, R.A, 1993: Viewpoint: Climate, liberalism and intolerance. Weather 48, 63-64

Beck, S., 2011: Zwischen Entpolitisierung von Politik und Politisierung von Wissenschaft: Die wissenschaftliche Stellvertreterdebatte um Klimapolitik, in S. Schüttemeyer (hrsg): POlitik im Klim awandel. Nomos ISBN 978-3-8329-4732-3, 239-258

Beck, S., 2010: Moving beyond the linear model of expertise? IPCC and the test of adaptation. Reg. Env. Change, DOI 10.1007/s10113-010-0136-2

Bechmann, G. und N. Stehr, 2000: Risikokommunikation und die Risiken der Kommunikation wissenschaftlichen Wissens - zum gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit Nichtwissen. Gaia 9, 113-121

Becker, G.A., A. Frohse and P. Damm, 1997: The Northwest European shelf temperature and salinity variability. Dtsch. Hydr. Z., 49, 135-150

Beckmann, B.-R. and G. Tetzlaff: Modifications of the frequency of storm surges at the Baltic coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Meteor. Z. NF 5, 169-172 (in German)

Beckmann, B. and Tetzlaff, 1998: Modifications of the frequency of storm surges at the Baltic coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Global Atm. Oc. System 6, 177-192

Beersma, J., K. Rider, G. Komen, E. Kaas and V. Kharin, 1997: An analysis of extratropical storms in the North Atlantic region as simulated in a control and a 2 x CO₂ time-slice experiment with a high resolution atmospheric model. Tellus 49A, 347 - 361

Behringer, W., 1988: Hexenverfolgungen in Bayern. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, 546pp

Behringer, W., 1998: Hexen. Glaube - Verfolgung - Vermarktung. C.H. Beck Wissen, 115 pp, ISBN 3 406 41882 1

Behringer, W., 2007: Kulturgeschichte des Klimas. Von der Eiszeit bis zur globalen Erw?rmung. C.H. Beck, 352 pp, ISBN 978 3 406 52666 8

Benestad R. E.,2004: How often can we expect a record event? Climate Research 25: 3-13

Benestad, R., 2016: Downscaling Climate Information. Oxford University Press Research Encyclopedia on Climate Science, DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.27

Benestad R. E.,I. Hanssen-Bauer and D. Chen: 2008: Empirical-Statistical Downscaling, World Scientific, 2008, 215 pp

Beniston, M., D.B. Stephenson, O.B. Christensen, C.A.T. Ferro, C. Frei, S. Goyette, K. Halsn?s, T. Holt, K. Jylhä, B. Koffi, J. Palutikof, R. Schöll, T. Semmler, K. Woth, 2005: Future Extreme Events in European Climate: An Exploration of Regional Climate Model Projections. Submitted to Climatic Change

Benndorf, J., J. Kranich, T. Mehre and A. Wagner, 201: Temperature impact on the midsummer decline of Daphnia galeata: an analysis of long-term data from the biomanipulated Bautzen Reservoir (Germany). Freshwater Biology 46, 199-211

Bengtsson, L., 1999: From short-range barotropic modelling to extended-range global weather prediction: a 40-year perspective. Tellus 51A-B:13-32

Bengtsson, L., 2007: Tropical cyclones in a warmer climate. WMO Bulletin 56 (3), 1-8

Bengtsson, L., M. Botzet, M. Esch, 1995: Hurricane-type vortices in a general circulation model. Tellus 47A, 175-196

Bengtsson, L., M. Botzet and M. Esch, 1996: Will greenhouse gas-induced warming over the next 50 years lead to higher frequency and greater intensity of hurricanes? Tellus 48A, 57-73

Bengtsson, L., E. Roeckner and M. Stendel, 1999: Why is the global warming proceeding much slower than expected? J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D4), 3865-3876

Bengtsson, L., K.I. Hodges, and E. Roeckner, 2006: Storm tracks and climate change. J. Climate

Bernhardt, K., 1981: Klima und Gesellschaft. Z. Meteorol. 31, 71-82

Berz, G., 1993: Global Warming and the insurance industry. Interdisciplinary Science Review 18 (2), 120-125

Berz, G. and K. Conrad, 1994: Stormy weather: The mounting windstorm risk and consequences for the insurance industry. Ecodecision 12, 65-68

Berwick, I., 1987: The rise and fall of lead in petrol. Phys technol. 18, 158-164

Bijl, W., 1997: Impact of a wind climate change on the surge in the southern North Sea. Clim. Res. 8, 45-59

Bijl, W., R. Flather, M. Reistad, J. de Ronde and T. Schmith, 1998: Changing storminess? An analysis of long-term sea level data-sets. Clim. Res. 11:161-172

Bjerknes, J., 1964: Atlantic air-sea interaction. Adv. in Geophysics 7, 1 - 82 (Academic Press, New York, London)

Blackburn, T., 1983: A practical method of correcting monthly average temperature biases resulting from differing times of observations. J. Clim. and Appl. Meteor. 22, 328-330

Blackmon, M.L., 1976: A climatological spectral study of the 500 mb geopotential height of the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1607-1623

Blenckner T, Chen D, 2003: Comparison of the impact of regional and North Atlantic atmospheric circulation on an aquatic ecosystem. CR 23:131-136

Blumenthal, B., 1991: Predictability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate 4, 766-784

Blunier, T., J.A. Chappellaz, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, and D. Raynaud, 1995. Variations in atmospheric methane concentration during the Holocene epoch. Nature 374:46-49.

Böhm, R., 1998: Urban bias in temperature time series : A case study for the City of Vienna, Austria, Climatic change 38: 113-128

Bouws, E., D. Jannick and G.J. Komen, 1996: On increasing wave height in the North Atlantic ocean. Bull. Amer. Soc.77, 2275 - 2277

Braconnot, P. and C. Frankignoul, 1993: Testing model simulations of the thermocline depth variability in the tropical Atlantic from 1982 through 1984. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1363-1388

Bradley, R.S. and P.D. Jones (Eds.), 1992: Climate Since A.D. 1500, Routledge, London, 679pp.

Brandsma, T. and T. A. Buishand, 1997: Statistical linkage of daily precipitation in Switzerland to atmospheric circulation and temperature. J. Hydrology, 198, 98-123

Brandsma, T., and T. Adri Buishand, 1998: Simulation of extreme precipitation in the Rhine basin by nearest neighbor resampling. Hydrol. Earth Sys. Sc. 2, 195-209

Branstator, G., 1992: The maintenance of low-frequency atmospheric anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 1924-945

Branstator, G., 1995: Organization of storm track anomalies by recurring low-frequency circulation anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 207-226

Branstator G, and J. Berner: 2005: Linear and Nonlinear Signatures in the Planetary Wave Dynamics of an AGCM: Phase Space Tendencies. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 62, 1792-1812.

Braun, O., M. Lohmann, O. Maksimovic, M. Meyer, A. Merkovic, E. Messerschmidt, A. Riedel and M. Turner, 1999: Potential impact of climate change effects on preferences for tourism destinations: A psychological pilot study. Clim. Res. 11: 247-254

Bray, D., 2000: Visioning event horizons: Where do we go from here? Clim. Res.15:83-94

Bray, D., 2010: The scientific consensus of climate change revisited. Env. Sci. Pol. 13: 340 ? 350

Bray, D., Hagner, C. and I. Grossmann, 2003: Grey, Green, Big Blue: three regional development scenarios addressing the future of Schleswig Holstein. GKSS-Report 2003/25, GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht 2003.

Bray, D. and C. Krück, 2000: Speaking truth to power revisited: Science, policy and climate change in Germany. GKSS 2000/32

Bray, D. and C. Krück, 2001: Some patterns of interaction between science and policy. Germany and climate change. Clim. Res. 19, 69-90

Bray, D. and G. Martinez, 2011: A survey of the perceptions of regional political decision makers concerning climate change and adaptation in the German Baltic Sea region. International BALTEX Secretariat Publications 50. Geesthacht

Bray, D. and H. von Storch, 1996: Inside science - a preliminary investigation of the case of global warming. MPI report 195, 58 pp

Bray, D. and H. von Storch, 1997: The climate change issue - Perspectives and interpretations, Proceedings of 14th International Congress of Biometeorology, 1-8 September 1996, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Part 2, 439-450

Bray, D. and H. von Storch, 1999: Climate Science. An empirical example of postnormal science. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 80: 439-456

Bray, D. and H. von Storch, 1999: Climate science and the transfer of knowledge to public and political realms. In: H. von Storch and G. Flöser (Eds.): Anthropogenic Climate Change. Springer Verlag, 287-328, ISBN 3-540-65033-4

Brázdil, R., and P. Dorbovolný, 2001: History of strong winds in the Czech lands: causes, flutuations, impacts. Geographica Polonica 74: 11-27

Brechin, S.R. and M. Bhandari, 2011: Perceptions of climate change worldwide. WIREs Clim Change doi: 10.1002/wcc.146

Bretherton, C.S., C. Smith and J.M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate 5, 541-560

Breu, M., S. Gerber, M. Mosimann and T. Vysusil, 2002: Bleibenzin - eine schwere Geschichte. Die Geschichte der Benzinverbleiung aus der Sicht der Politik, des Rechts, der Wirtschaft und der Ökologie. Ökom Verlag, München, 228 pp.

Briffa, K.R., 1995: The simulation of weather types in GCMs: a regional approach to control-run validation. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 121-138

Briffa K.R., T. J. Osborn, F. H, Schweingruber, I. C, Harris, P.D , Jones, S. G. Shiyatov and E. A. Vaganov, 2001: Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree ring density network. J Geophys Res 106: 2929-2941

Briffa, K.R., T.M.L. Wigley and P.D. Jones, 1987: Towards an objective approach to standardization. In L. Kairiukstis, Z. Bednarz and E. Feliksik (Eds.) Methods of Dendrochronology. IIASA/Polish Academy of Sciences-Systems Research Institute, Warsaw, 239-253

Brillinger, D.R., 1975: Time Series - Data Analysis and Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 500pp

Brink, K.H., 1989: Evidence for wind-driven current fluctuations in the western North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 2029-2044

Brinkop, S. and E. Roeckner, 1995: Sensitivity of a general circulation model to parameterizations of cloud-turbulence interactions in the atmospheric boundary layer. Tellus 47A, 197-220

Brink, K.H. and R.D. Muench, 1986: Circulation in the Point Conception - Santa Barbara Channel region. J. Geophys. Res. 91C, 877-895

Brönnimann, S., 2002: Picturing climate change. Clim Res. 22: 87-95

Brönnimann, S., J. Luterbacher, S. Schmutz and H. Wanner, 2000: Variability of total ozone at Arosa, Switzerland, since 1931 related to atmospheric circulation indices. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2213-2216

Brooks, C.E.P., 1949: Climate through the ages. 2nd revised edition. Dover Publications Inc., 395 pp.

Brooks, H. and C.A. Doswell III, 2001: Some aspects of the international climatology of tornadoes by damage classification. Atmospheric Res. 56, 191-201

Bromwhich, D.H., J.J. Cassano, T. KLein, G. Heinemann, K.H. Hines, K. Steffen and J.E. Box, 2001: Mesoscale modeling of katabatic winds over Greenland with the Polar MM5. Mon. Wea. Rev, 290-2309

Broomhead, D.S. and G. P. King, 1986: Extracting qualitative dynamics from experimental data. Physica D 20, 217-236

Brown, B. G., R.W. Katz and A.H. Murphy, 1986: On the economic value of seasonal precipitation forecasts: the fallowing/planting problem. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 67, 833-841

Browning, K.A., R.J. Alam, S.P. Ballard, R.T. Barnes, D.E. Bennetts, R.H. Maryon, P.J. Mason, D. McKenna, J.F.B. Mitchell, C.A. Senior, A. Slingo and F.B. Smith, 1991: Environmental effects from burning oil wells in Kuwait. Nature 351, 363-367

Bryan, K., and M. Cox, 1969: A nonlinear model of an ocean driven by wind and differential heating, Parts I and II. J. Atmos. Sci. 25, 945-978

Brückner, E., 1890: Klimaschwankungen seit 1700 nebst Bemerkungen über die Klimaschwankungen der Diluvialzeit. Geographische Abhandlungen herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Albrecht Penck in Wien; Wien and Olmütz, E.D. Hölzel, 325 pp.

Brückner, E., 1915: The settlement of the United States as controlled by climate and climatic oscillations. In: Memorial Volume of the Transatlantic Excursion of 1912 of the American Geographical Society, 125-129

Bryan, K., and M. Cox, 1969: A nonlinear model of an ocean driven by wind and differential heating, Parts I and II. J. Atmos. Sci. 25, 945-978

Büchmann, B., and J. Söderkvist, 2016: Internal variability of a 3-D ocean model. Tellus A 2016, 68, 30417, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v68.30417

Buishand, T.A., and A.M.G. Klein Tank, 1996: Regression model for generating time series of daily precipitation amounts for climate change impact studies. Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, 10, 87-106

Buisman, J., 2006: Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de lage landen, deel 5: 1675-1750, Uitgeverij Van Wijnen - Franeker, ISBN 5 90 5194 190 0, 998 pp

Buma, J. and M. Dehn, 1997: A method for predicting the impact of climate change on slope stability. Environmental Geology, 35, 190-196

Buma, J. and M. Dehn, 2000: The impact of climate change on a landslide in South East France, simulated using different GCM-scenarios and downscaling methods for local precipitation. Clim. Res. 15, 69-81

Bunde, A., J.F. Eichner, S. Havlin, and J.W. Kantelhardt, 2004: Return intervals of rare events in records with long term persistence. Physica A 342, 308-314

Bunde, A., J.F. Eichner, J.W. Kantelhardt, and S. Havlin, 2005: Long-Term Memory: A Natural Mechanism for the Clustering of Extreme Events and Anomalous Residual Times in Climate Records, Phas. Rev Let. 94, 04871

Bürger, G., 1993: Complex Principal Oscillation Patterns. J. Climate 6, 1972 - 1986

Bürger, G., 1996: Expanded downscaling for generating local weather scenarios Clim. Res. 7:111-128

Bürger, G., 1997: On the disaggregation of climatological means and anomalies. Clim. Res 8:183-194

Bürger, G., I. Fast, and U. Cubasch, 2006: Climate reconstruction by regression - 32 variations on a theme, Tellus 58A, 227-235.

Bürger, G., and U. Cubasch, 2005: Are multiproxy climate reconstructions robust? Geophs. Res. Lett. 32, L23711, doi:10.1029/2005GL024155

Burchardt, H., and H. Baumert, 1998: The formation of estuarine turbidity maxima due to density effects in the salt wedge. A hydrodynamic proces study. J. Phys. Oceano.28, 309-321

Burgers, G. and D.B. Stephenson, 1999: The "Normality" of El Niño. Geophy. Res. Lett. 26: 1027-1030

Burgers, G., 1999: The El Niño stochastic oscillator. Clim. Dyn. 15: 521-531

Busch, U., B.-R. Beckmann and R. Roth, 1998: Study of storm weather situations in observation and ECHAM3/T42 model simulations. Tellus 50A, 411-423

Busch, U., D. Heimann, 2001: Statistical-dynamical extrapolation of a nested regional climate simulation. Clim. Res. 19, 1-13

Bush, A. B and G.H. Philander, 1998: The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in tropical cooling during the last glacial maximum. Science 279:1341-1344

Busuioc, A., D. Chen and C. Hellström, 1999: Temporal and spatial variability of precipitation in Sweden over the 1890-1990 interval. Earth Science Centre, Göteborg University, C19, 46 pp.

Busuioc, A. and H. von Storch, 1996: Changes in the winter precipitation in Romania and its relation to the large scale circulation. Tellus 48A, 538-552

Busuioc, A. and H. von Storch, 1995: The connection between summer precipitation anomalies in Romania and large-scale atmospheric circulation. Proceedings "Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics in the Analysis and Prognosis of Precipitation Fields", Rome 15-16 November 1994, 369-373

Busuioc, A., H. von Storch and R. Schnur, 1999: Verification of GCM generated regional precipitation and of statistical downscaling estimates. J. Climate 12, 258-272

Cahalan, R., 1992: Kuwait Oil Fires as seen by Landsat. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14,565-14,571

Capps, S. B., and C. S. Zender, 2010: Estimated global ocean wind power potential from QuikSCAT observations, accounting for turbine characteristics and siting, J. Geophys. Res. 115, D09101, doi:10.1029/2009JD012679.

Caya, D., and S. Biner, 2004: Internal variability of RCM simulations over an annual cycle. Clim. Dyn. 22: 33-46

Callendar, G.S., 1938: The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature. Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 64, 223-239

Cardone, V.J., Greenwood, J.G. and M.A. Cane, 1990: On trends in historical marine data. J. Climate 3, 113-127

Carter, D.J.T. and L. Draper, 1988: Has the northeast Atlantic be come rougher? nature 322: 494

Castro, C.L., and R.A. Pielke, Sr., 2004: Dynamical Downscaling: Assessment of value restored and added using the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System. J. Geophys. Res. 110, doi:10.1029/2004JD004721, 21 pp

Cattle, H., 1985: Diverting Soviet rivers: some possible repercussions for the Artic Ocean. Polar Record 22, 485-98

Cebon, P., U. Dahinden, H.C. Davies, D. Imboden, and C.C. Jaeger (eds), 1998: Views from the Alps. Regional Perspectives on Climate Change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 515pp.

Chang, E.K.M., and Y. Fu, 2003: Using mean flow change as a proxy to infer interdecadal storm track variability. J. Climate, 16, 2178-2196.

Chapmann, S., M. Thatcher, A. Salazar, J. E.M. Watson, and C.live A. McAlpine, 2019 The impact of climate change and urban growth on urban climate and heat stress in a subtropical city. Intern. J. Climatol., https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5998

Charney, J.G., 1948: On the scale of atmospheric motions. Geofys. Publ. Oslo 17(2), 1-17

Chelton, D.B., 1994: Physical Oceanography: A brief overview for statisticians. Statistical Science 9, 150-166

Chervin, R. M., Gates, W. L. and Schneider, S. H. 1974: The effect of time averaging on the noise level of climatological statistics generated by atmospheric general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 2216?2219.

Chervin, R. M. and Schneider, S. H. 1976: A study of the response of NCAR GCM climatological statistics to random perturbations: estimating noise levels. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 391?40

Chervin, R. M. and Schneider, S. H. 1976: On determining the statistical significance of climate experiments with general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 405?412

Chrastansky, A., and U. Callies, 2009: Model-based long-term reconstruction of weather-driven variations in chronic oil pollution along the German North Sea coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58, 967-975

Chrastansky, A., Callies, U. and D.M. Fleet, 2009: Estimation of the impact of prevailing weather conditions on the occurrence of oil-contaminated dead birds on the German North Sea coast.Environmental Pollution 157, 194-198

Christensen, J.H., J. Räisänen, T. Iversen, D. Børge, O.B. Christiansen and M. Rummukainen, 2001: A synthesis of regional climate change simulations - A Scandinavian perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1003-1006

Christensen, J.H. and O.B. Christensen: Severe summertime flooding in Europe. Nature, Vol. 421, p. 805-806, 20 February 2003.

Christensen, J.H., T. Carter, F. Giorgi, 2002: PRUDENCE employs new methods to assess European climate change, EOS, Vol. 83, p. 147.

Christensen, O.B., M.A. Gaertner, J.A. Prego and J. Polcher, 2001: Internal variability of regional climate models. Clim Dyn. 17: 875-887

Christiansen, B., T. Schmith and P. Thejll, 2010: A Surrogate Ensemble Study of Sea Level Reconstructions. J Climate 23: 4306-4326. DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3014.1

Chu, P.-S., Xin Zhao, X, and J.-H. Kim, 2010: Regional typhoon activity as revealed by track patterns and climate change. Elsner, J.B. (ed.): Hurricanes and Climate Change, Vol 2, Springer, 2010.

Claussen, M., 1994: On coupling global biome models with climate models. Clim. Res. 4, 203-221

Claussen, M., 1996: Variability of global biome patterns as a function of initial and boundary conditions in a climate model. Clim. Dyn. 12: 371-379

Claussen, M. and M. Esch, 1994: Biomes computed from simulated climatologies. Clim. Dyn. 9: 235-243

Collins, H., und T. Pinch, 1999: Der Golem der Forschung. Wie unsere Wissenschaft die Natur erfindet. Berlin Verlag, 239 pp

Colwell, R.R., 1996: Global climate and infectious disease: The Cholera paradigm. Science 274, 2025-2031

Compo G, J. Whitaker, P. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui, R. Allan, X Yin, B. Gleason, R. Vose, G. Rutledg, and P. Bessemoulin , 2011: The twentieth century reanalysis project. Q J R Meteorol Soc 137(654):1?28

Conover, W.J., 1971: Practical nonparametric statistics. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 462pp

Cook, E R. and Esper, J., 2002, Tree-Ring Chronologies and Climate Variability: a response. Science, 296, 848-849.

Coon, C.S., 1953: Climate and race. In H. Shapley: Climatic Change. Evidence, Causes and Effects. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 13-34

Copeland, J.H., R.A. Pielke, T.G.F. Kittel, 1996: Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: a regional modeling study. J. Geophys. Res. 101, D3, 7409-7418

Corbin, A., 1990: Meereslust. Das Abendland und die Entdeckung der Küste. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, ISBN 3-596-10989-2, 414 pp.

Corti, S., F. Molteni, T. N. Palmer, 1999: Signature of recent climate change in frequencies of natural atmospheric circulation regimes Nature 398, 799 - 802 (29 Apr 1999)

Costanza et al., 1997: The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387/15.Cotton, W.R., 1999: Weather modification by cloud seeding - A status report 1989-1997. In: H. von Storch andG. Flöser (Eds.): Anthropogenic Climate Change. Springer Verlag, 141-161, ISBN 3-540-65033-4

Cotton, W.R. and R.A. Pielke, 1992: Human Impacts on Weather and Climate. ASTeR Press Ft. Collins (ISBN 0-9625986-1-5), 288pp.

Craddock, J.M., 1977: A homogeneous record of monthly rainfall totals for Norwich for the years 1836-1976. Meteor. Magazine 106, 267-278

Cramer, J.S., 1987: Mean and variance of R² in small and moderate samples. J. Econometrics 35, 253-266

Crane, R.G. and B.C. Hewitson, 1998: Doubled CO₂ climate change scenarios for the Susquehanna Basin: Precipitation. Int. J. Climatol. 18: 65-76

Cress A. and C.D. Schönwiese, 1989: Statistical investigations of volcanism-temperature relationships based on a new volcanic activity parameter. Journal Atm. Sci., 20, 1127-1130

Crowley, T.J., 2000: Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science 289, 270-277

Crowley, T.J., 1990: Are there any satisfactory geologic analogues for a future greenhouse warming? J. Climate 3, 1282-1292

Crowley, T.J. and K.-Y. Kim, 1993: Towards development of a strategy for determining the origin of decadal-centennial scale climate variability. Quat Sci Rev 12: 375-385

Crowley, T. J. and Lowery, T.S., 2000: How warm was the medieval warm period? Ambio, 29, 51-54.

?

Crüger, T., 2002: Ice core accumulation in Greenland described by large-scale atmospheric fields: Development of regression models and estimation of "Artifical Ice Core" accumulation from O-AGCM output. Dissertation Hamburg

Crüger, T., and H. von Storch, 2001: Creation of "Artificial Ice Core" Accumulation from Large-Scale GCM Data: Description of the Downscaling Method and Application to One North Greenland Ice Core. Climate Research 20: 141-151

Crüger, T., H. Kuhnert, J. Paetzold, E. Zorita, 2006: Calibrations of Bermuda corals against large-scale SST- and SLP-pattern time series and implications for climate reconstructions. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23103, doi:10.1029/2005JD006903

Crutzen, P. J., 2002: A Critical Analysis of the Gaia Hypothesis as a Model for Climate/Biosphere Interactions. GAIA, 2/2002, 96-103.

Cubasch, U., 1985: The mean response of the ECMWF global model to the El Niño anomaly in extended range prediction experiments. Atmos. Oc. 23, 46-66

Cubasch, U., K. Hasselmann, H. Höck, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B.D. Santer and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Clim. Dyn. 8, 55-69

Cubasch, U., G. Hegerl, A. Hellbach, H. Höck, U. Mikolajewicz, B.D. Santer and R. Voss, 1995: A climate change simulation starting from 1935. Clim. Dyn. 11, 71-84

Cubasch, U. and D. Kasang, 2000: Anthropogener Klimawandel. Klett-Perthes-Verlag, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-623-00856-7, 128 S.

Cubasch, U., B.D. Santer and G.C. Hegerl, 1995: Klimamodelle - wo stehen wir? Phys. Bl. 51, 269-276

Cubasch, U., B.D. Santer, A. Hellbach, G. Hegerl, H. Höck, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, A. Stössel and R. Voss, 1994: Monte Carlo climate change forecasts with a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Clim. Dyn. 10, 1-19

Cubasch, U., H. von Storch, J. Waskewitz and E. Zorita, 1996: Estimates of climate change in Southern Europe using different downscaling techniques. Climate Res. 7, 129-149

Cubasch, U. and R. Voss, 2000: The influence of total solar irradiance on climate. Space Science Reviews, 94, 185-198

Cubasch, U., R. Voss, G. Hegerl, J. Waskewitz and T.J. Crowley, 1997: Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Clim. Dyn. 13, 757-767

Cubasch, U. J. Waskewitz, G.C. Hegerl and J. Perlwitz, 1995: Regional climate changes as simulated in time-slice experiments. Climatic Change, 31, 273-304

Cui, M., H. von Storch and E. Zorita, 1994: Coastal sea level and the large scale climate state in a downscaling exercise for the Japanese Islands. G. Boer (ed): Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling Report 19, WMO/TD, 2.29-31

Cui, M., H. von Storch and E. Zorita, 1995: Coastal sea level and the large-scale climate state: A downscaling exercise for the Japanese Islands. Tellus 47A, 132-144

Cui, M., H. von Storch and E. Zorita, 1996: Coast sea level and large-scale climate state: a downscaling exercise for the Japanese Islands. Studia Marina Sinica 36, 13-32

Cui, M. and E. Zorita, 1998: Analysis of the sea-level variability along the Chinese coast and estimation of the impact of a CO₂-perturbed atmospheric circulation. Tellus 50A, 333-347

Cushing, D.H., 1996: Towards a science of recruitment in fish populations. Excellence in Ecology 7 (O. Kinne, Ed.), Ecology Institute, D 21385 Oldendorf, Germany, ISSN 0932-2205, 175 pp

Daewel, U., and C. Schrum, 2013: Simulating long-term dynamics of the coupled North and Baltic Sea ecosystem with ECOSMO II: model description and validation. Journal of Marine Systems. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marsys.2013.03.008

Daewel, U, Schrum, C, Gupta, A. (2015). About the predictive potential of early life stage IBMs: an example for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 534, 199-219, doi: 10.3354/meps11367.

Dansgaard, W., S.J. Johnsen, N. Reeh, N. Gundestrup, H.B. Clausen, and C.U. Hammer, 1975: Climatic changes, Norsemen and modern man. Nature 255, 24-28

Davies, A., 1932: A Re-Survey of the Morphology of the Nose in Relation to Climate., Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 62, 337-359.

Davies, H.C., 1983: Limitations of some common lateral boundary schemes used in regional NWP models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111,1002-1012

Dawson, A.G., K. Hickey, J. Mckenna and I.D.L. Foster, 1997: A 200-year record of gale frequency, Edingburgh, Scotland: Possible link with high-magnitude volcanic eruptions. The Holocene 7: 337-341

Day, R.A., 1988: How to write and publish a scientific paper, Oryx Press, Phoenix - New York, 211 pp.

Debernard J, ? S?tra and LP R?ed, 2003: Future wind, wave and storm surge climate in the northern North Atlantic. CR 23:39-49

Debernard, J.B. and L.P. R?ed, 2008: Future wind, wave and storm surge climate in the Northern Seas: a revisit. Tellus A 60 (3), 427?438, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00312.x

de Guttry, C., M. D?ring, and B. Ratter, 2016: Challenging the current climate change ? migration nexus: exploring migrants? perceptions of climate change in the hosting country. ? Die Erde 147 (2): 109-118

Dehn, M., 1999: Szenarien der klimatischen Auslösung alpiner Hangrutschungen, PhD thesis, Bonn. Asgard Verlag Sankt Augustin, ISSN 0373-0468, 99pp

Dehn, M., 1999: Application of an analog downscaling technique for assessment of future landslide activity. A case study in the Italian Alps. Clim. Res. 13: 103-113

Dehn, M., and J. Buma, 1999: Modelling future landslide activity based on general circulation models. Geomorphology 30: 175-187

Dehn, M., G. Bürger, J. Buma and P. Gasparetto, 2000: Impact of climate change on slope stability using expanded downscaling. Engineering Geology (in press)

De Kraker, A.M.J., 1999: A method to assess the impact of high tides, storms and storm surges as vital elements in climate history. The case of stormy weather and dikes in the Northern part of Flanders, 1488-1609. Climatic Change 43: 287-302

de Menocal, P., J. Oritz, T. Guilderson and M. Sarntheim, 2000: Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the Holocene Warm period. Science,288, 2198-2202

Demeritt, D. 2001. The Construction of Global Warming and the Politics of Science, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91, 2, 307-337

Demeritt, D. 2006. Science studies, climate change and the prospects for constructivist critique, Economy and Society, 35, 3, 453-479

Denis, B., R. Laprise, D. Caya and J. Cote, 2002: Downscaling ability of one-way nested regional climate models: The Big brother experiment. Climate Dyn. 18, 627-646.

Denis, B., J. Cote and R. Laprise 2001: Spectral decomposition of two-dimensional atmospheric fields on limited area domains using the discrete cosine tranform. Mon. Wea. Rev.

Déqué, M., R.G. Jones, M. Wild, F. Giorgi, J.H. Christensen, D.C. Hassell, P.L. Vidale, B. Rockel, D. Jacob, E. Kjellstr?m, M. de Castro, F. Kucharski and B. van den Hurk, 2005: Global high resolution versus Limited Area Model climate change projections over Europe: quantifying confidence level from PRUDENCE results. Clim. Dyn., 25(6), 653-670.

De Swart, H.D., 1995: Limitations to predictability in morphodynamic modelling. In G. Hempel (Ed.): The ocean and the poles. Grand Challenges for European Cooperation. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 125-136

Deutscher Bundestag, 1988: Schutz der Erdatmosphäre: Eine internationale Herausforderung. Deutscher Bundestag, Referat Öffentlichkeitarbeit, Bonn, 582 pp.

Dickinson, R. E., R. M. Errico, F. Giorgi, and G. T. Bates, 1989: A regional climate model for the western United States, Clim. Change 15, 383? 422

Dickson, R.R., J. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg and A.J. Lee, 1988: The ``Great Salinity Anomaly'' in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. J. Phys. Oceano. 20, 103-151

Di Luca, A., R. de Elía, and R. Laprise, 2011: Potential for added value in precipitation simulated by high-resolution nested Regional Climate Models and observations. Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-011-1068-3

Dixit, A.K., and R.S. Pindyck, 1994: Investment under uncertainty. Princeton University Press, 468 pp.

Dobrovolný, P. and R. Brázdil, 2003: Documentary evidence on strong winds related to convective storms in the Czech Republic since AD 1500. Atmos. Res. 67-68: 95-116

Dobrovolski, S.G., 2000: Stochastic Climate Theory and its Application. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN 3-540-66310-X, 282 pp

Dolata, L.F., E.Roeckner, and H.Behr, 1983: Prognostic storm surge simulation with a combined meorological/oceanographic model. In: J. Sündermann and W. Lenz: North Sea Dynamics Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 266-278

Dommenget, D., 2006: Evaluating EOF modes against a stochastic null hypothesis. Clim. Dyn. 28: 517-531, doi 10.1007/s00382-006-0195-8y/p> Donnell, C.A., 1912: The effect of the time of observation on mean temperatures. Mon. Wea. Rev. 40, 708

Dorn, M. and H. von Storch, 1999: Identification of regional persistent patterns through Principal Prediction Patterns. - Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 72, 105-111

Doyle, J., 1995: Coupled ocean wave-atmosphere mesoscale model simulations of cyclogenesis. Tellus 47A, 766-778

Dunlap, R.E., 1998: Lay perceptions of global risk. International Sociology 13: 473-498

Dunlap, Riley E, George H. Gallup Jr., and Alec M. Gallup, 1993: Health of the Planet: A George H. Gallup Memorial Survey Gallup International Institute Princeton, New Jersey, USA 1993

Ebisuzaki, W. 1997: A method to estimate the statistical significance of a correlation when the data are serially correlated. J. Climate 10, 2147-2153

Eddy, J.A., 1976. 'The Maunder Minimum', Science, 192, 1189-1202.

Egger, J., 1988: Alpine lee cyclogenesis: verification of theories. J. Atnmos. Sci. 45, 2187-2203

Egger, J., 1999: POPs and MOPs. Clim. Dyn. 15: 561-568

Efron, B., 1979: Bootstrap methods: another look at the Jackknife. Annals of Statistics 7, 1-26

Ellis, W., 1890: On the difference produced in the mean temperature derived from daily Maxima and Minima as dependent on the time at which the thermometers are read. Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc. 16, 213-218

Elsaesser, H.W., M.C. MacCracken, J.J. Walton and S.L. Grotch, 1986: Global climatic trends as revealed by the recorded data. Rev. Geophys. 24, 745-792

Emanuel, K. 2005 Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature 436, 686?688. (doi:10.1038/nature03906)

Emeis, K.C., U Struck, T Leipe, F Pollehne, H Kunzendorf, a d C Christiansen, 2000: Changes in the C, N, P burial rates in some Baltic Sea sediments over the last 150 years - relevance to P regeneration rates and the phosphorus cycle, Marine Geology 167 (2), 43-39

Endfield, G., 2011: Reculturing and Particularizing Climate Discourses: Weather, Identity, and the Work of Gordon Manley. Osiris 26: . 142-162

Eppel, D. P., H. Kapitza, M. Claussen, D. Jacob, W. Koch, L. Levkov, H.-T. Mengelkamp and N. Werrmann, 1995: The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model GESIMA. Part II: Parameterizations and applications Contrib. Phys. Atmos. 68, 15-41

Epstein, p.R., and J.J. McCarthy, 2004: Asessing climate stability, Bull. Amer. Soc. dec. 2004, 1863-1870

Errico, R.M., 1985: Spectra computed from a limited area grid. Mon. Wea. Rev. 113, 1554-1562

Evans, M. N., B. K. Reichert, A. Kaplan, K. J. Anchukaitis, E. A. Vaganov, M. K. Hughes, and M. A. Cane (2006), A forward modeling approach to paleoclimatic interpretation of tree-ring data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G03008, doi:10.1029/ 2006JG000166.

Fagan, B., 2000: The Little Ice Age. How Climate Made History 1300-1850. Basic Books ISBN 0-465-02271-5, 246pp

Farge, M., E. Goirand and T. Philipovitch, 1993: Wavelets and wavelet packets to analyse, filter and compress two-dimensional turbulent flows. In P. Müller and D. Henderson (eds): Statistical Methods in Physical Oceanography. Proceedings of the `Aha Huliko`a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, January 12-15, 1993

Faucher, M., W. Burrows and L. Pandolfo, 1999: Empirical-statistical reconstruction of surface marine winds along the western coast of Canada. Clim. Res. 11:173-190

Feser, F., 2005: Spatial Scale Separation in Regional Climate Modelling. GKSS Report 2005/9.

Feser, F. and H. von Storch, 2005: A spatial two-dimensional discrete filter for limited area model evaluation purposes. Monthly Weather Review, 133(6), 1774-1786

Figueres, C., H.J. Schellnhuber, J. Rockstr?mm, A. Hobley, and S. Rahmstorf, 2017: Three years to safeguard our climate. Nature 546, 593-592

Finsterwalder, S., 1928: Eduard Brückner. Z. Gletscherkunde 14:1-9

Fischer, E., J. Luterbacher, E. Zorita, S. Tett , C. Casty and H. Wanner, 2007: European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L05707 doi: 10.1029/2006GL027992

Fischer, G., 1959: Ein numerisches Verfahren zur Errechnung von Windstau und Gezeiten in Randmeeres Tellus 2, 60-76

Fischer, G., E. Kirk and R. Podzun, 1991: Physikalische Diagnose eines numerischen Experiments zur Entwicklung der grossräumigen atmosphärischen Zirkulation auf einem Aquaplaneten. Meteor. Rdsch. 43, 33-42

Fischer, H., 2001: Imprint of large-scale atmospheric transport patterns on sea-salt records in nortern Greenland ice cores. J. Geophys. Res. D20:23977-23984

Fischer, H., M. Werner, D. Wagenbach, M. Schwager, T. Thorsteinsson, F. Wilhelms, J. Kipfstuhl and S. Sommer, 1998: Little ice age clearly recorded in northern Greenland ice cores. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1749-1751

Fischlin, A. and D. Gyalistras, 1997: Assessing impacts of climate change on forests in the Alps. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6, 19-37

Fisher, N.I.,1993: Statistical analysis of circular data. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521 56890, 277pp.

Flather, R. A., 2000. Existing operational oceanography. Coastal Engineering, 41(1-3): 13-40

Flather, R.A. and J.A. Smith, 1998: First estimates of changes in extreme storm surge elevation due to doubling CO2. Global Atm. Oc. System, 6, 193-208

Flather, R.A., J.A. Smith, J.D. Richards, C. Bell, and D.L. Blackman, 1998: Direct estimates of extreme storm surge elevations from a 40 year numerical model simulation and from observations. Global Atm. Oc. System, 6, 165-176

Fleck, L., 1980: Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache: Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv. Suhrkamp Verlag Frankfurt am Main, 190pp.

Fleming, J.R., 1998: Historical perspectives on climate change. Oxford University press, ISBN 0-19-507870-5, 194pp

Fliri, F, 1974: Niederschlag und Lufttemperatur im Alpenraum. Wissenschaftl. Alpenvereinhefte 24, 111

Flohn, H., 1941: Die Tätigkeit des Menschen als Klimafaktor. Z. Erdkunde 9, 13-22

Feng J-L., Li W-S, Wang H, Zhang J-L, Dong J-X, 2019: Evaluation of sea level rise and associated responses in Hangzhou Bay from 1978 to 2017. Advances in Climate Change Research.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2019.01.002

Folland, C.K., 1991: Sea temperature bucket models used to correct historical SST data in the Meteorological Office. Climate Research Tech. Note No. 14. Available from the National Meteorological Library, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.

Folland C.K. and D.E. Parker, 1991: Worldwide surface temperature trends since the mid 19th century. In M.E. Schlesinger (Ed.): Greenhouse-gas-induced Climatic Change: A critical appraisal of simulations and observations. Elsevier Scientific Publishers, 173-194

Folland, C.K., T.N. Palmer and D.E. Parker, 1986a: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901-85. Nature 320, 602-607

Folland, C.K., J.A. Owen, M.N. Ward, and A.W. Colman, 1991: Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the Sahel region of Africa using empirical and dynamical methods. J. Forecasting 10, 21-56

Foufoula-Georgiou, E., 1985: Discrete-time point process models for daily rainfall. Water Resources Technical Report No. 93, Univ. of Washington, Seattle

Foufoula-Georgiou, E., and D. P. Lettenmaier, 1987: A Markov renewal model for rainfall occurrences. Water Resour. Res. 23, 875-884

Fraedrich, K., 1986: Estimating the dimension of weather and climate attractors. J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 331-344

Fraedrich, K., 1987 Estimating weather and climate predictability on attractors. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 722-728

Fraedrich, K., 1988: El Niño / Southern Oscillation predictability. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 1001-1012

Fraedrich K. and Dümmel, 1983: On single station forecasting: The geopotential height, its vertical and time structure and 500 mbar ARMA prediction, Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 56, 211-239

Fraedrich, K. and B. Rückert, 1998: Metric adaption for analog forecasting. Physica A 253, 379-393

Frängsmyr, C., 2000 Klimat och karaktär. Naturen och m?nniskan i sent svensk 1700-tal. Natur och Kultur, ISBN 91-27-08369-1

Frankignoul, C., 1979: Stochastic forcing models of climate variability. Dyn. Atmos. Oc. 3, 465-479

Frankignoul, C., 1981: Low-frequency temperature fluctuations off Bermuda. J.Geophys. Res. 86, 6522-6528

Frankignoul, C., 1985: Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and air-sea feedback in the middle latitudes. Rev. Geophys. 23, 357-390

Frankignoul, C., 1995: Climate spectra and stochastic climate models. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 29-52 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Frankignoul, C., 1995: Statistical analysuis of GCM output. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 139-160 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Frankignoul, C., C. Duchêne and M. Cane, 1989: A statistical approach to testing equatorial ocean models with observed data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 1191-1208

Frankignoul, C., S. Février, N. Sennéchael, J. Verbeek and P. Braconnot, 1995: An intercomparison between four tropical ocean models. Thermocline variability. Tellus 47A,351-364.

Frankignoul, C. and K. Hasselmann, 1977: Stochastic climate models, Part 2. Application to sea-surface temperature anomalies and thermocline variability. Tellus 29, 289-305

Frankignoul, C., P. Müller, and E. Zorita, 1997: A simple model of the decadal response of the ocean to stochastic wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceano.27, 1533-1546

Frankignoul, C. and R.W. Reynolds, 1983: Testing a dynamical model for mid-latitude sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1131-1145

Frei, C., H.C. Davies, J. Gurtz and C. Schär, 2000: Climate dynamics and extreme precipitation and flood events in Central Europe. Integrated Assessment 1, 281-299

Frei, C. and C. Schär, 2001: Detection probability of trends in rare events: Theory and applications to heavy precipitation in the Alpine Alps. J. Climate 14, 1568-1584

Frigg, R., L.A. Smith, and D.A. Stainforth, 2015: An assessment of the foundational assumptions in high-resolution climate projections: the case of UKCP09. Synthese DOI 10.1007/s11229-015-0739-8

Frey-Buness, F., D. Heimann and R. Sausen, 1995: A statistical-dynamical downscaling procedure for global climate simulations. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 50, 117-131

Friedman, R.M., 1989: Appropriating the Weather. Vilhelm Bjerknes and the construction of a modern meteorology. Cornell University Press, 251 p, ISBN 0 8014-2062-8

Fritz, H.M., C:D. Blount, S. Thwin, M.K. Thu, N. Chan, 2009: Cyclone Nargis storm surge in Myanmar, Nature Geoscience 2:448-449, doi:10.1038/ngeo558.

Fröhle, P., Schlamkow, C., Dreier, N. and Sommermeier, K. 2011. Climate Change and Coastal Protection: Adaptation Strategies for the German Baltic Sea Coast. OIn G. Schernewski, J. Hofstede, T. Neumann (eds): Global Change and Baltic Coastal Zones. Coastal Research Library 1, Springer, 103-116

Fu, G., H. Diaz, J.O. Fletcher, 1986: Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the Central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 1716-1738

Fu Gang, and coautors, 2022: Explosive Cyclone (in Chinese), China Science Press, total 405 pages. ISBN 978-7-03-071058-1

Fuentes, U. and D. Heimann, 1996: Verification of statistical-dynamical downscaling in the Alpine region. Clim. Res. 7:151-186

Fuhrin, K., 2013: Der prominente Wisenschaftler. Motive für mediale Pr?senz, Springer VS, doi 10.1007/978-3-658-02640-0, 196 pp

Funtowicz, S.O. and J.R. Ravetz, 1985: Three types of risk assessment: a methodological analysis. In C. Whipple and V.T. Covello (eds): Risk Analysis in the Private Sector, New York, Plenum, 217-231

Funtowicz, S.O. and R. Strand, 2007: Models of science and policy. In Traavik, T. and Lim, L.C. (eds.)Biosafety First: Holistic Approaches to Risk and Uncertainty in Genetic Engineering and Genetically Modified Organisms, Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, 2007, 263-277

Furnes, G.K., 1980: Wind effects in the North Sea. J. Phys. Oceano. 10, 978-984

Fyfe, J., 2003: Extratropical Southern Hemisphere cyclones. Harbingers of Climate Change? J. Climate, 16, 2802-2805

Fyfe, J., N. P. Gillett and F. W. Zwiers, 2013:Overestimated global warming over the past 20 years, nature climate change 3, 767-769

Gabriel, K. R., and J. Neumann, 1962: A Markov chain model for daily rainfall occurrences at Tel Aviv. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 88, 90-95

Gadd, P.A., 1761: Tal om Finska Climatet och dess fölgder in Landets Hushållning. Inaugural adress to Kunglig Vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm

G@auml;decke A., I. Pohle. H. Koch, and U. Grünewald, 2017: Trend analysis for integrated regional climate change impact assessments in the Lusatian river catchments (north-eastern Germany). Reg Environ Change. DOI 10.1007/s10113-017-1138-0

García, R., L. Gimeno, E. Hernández, R. Prieto and P. Ribera, 2000: Reconstruction of North Atlantic atmospheric circulation in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries from historical sources. Clim. Res. 14, 147-151.

Gaslikova, L., I.Grabemann, and N. Groll,2012: Changes in North Sea storm surge conditions for four transient future climate realizations.Nat Hazards DOI 10.1007/s11069-012-0279-1

Gaslikova,L., and R. Weisse, 2006: Estimating near-shore wave statistics from regional hindcasts using downscaling techniques, Ocean Dynamics, 56/1: 26-35 (DOI: 10.1007/s10236-005-0041-2)

Gaslikova,L., 2006: High-resolution wave climate analysis in the Helgoland area. PhD thesis, U Hamburg, 102pp

Gaslikova, L., I. Grabemann and N. Groll, 2012: Changes in North Sea storm surge conditions for four transient future climate realizations. Natural Hazards DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0279-1

Geden, O., 2010: Abkehr von 2 Grad Ziel? Skizze einer klimapolitischen Akzentverschiebung. Arbeitspapier der Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, 22 pp.

Geden, O., 2010: Was kommt nach dem 2 Grad Ziel?. SWP-Aktuell 55 der Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Berlin, 4 pp.

Gerstengarbe, F.W. and P.C. Werner, 1999: Estimation of the beginning and end of recurrent events within a climate regime. Clim. Res. 11: 97-107

Geyer, B., 2013: High resolution atmospheric reconstruction for Europe 1948?2012: coastDat2. Earth System Science Data (ESSD), doi:10.5194/essdd-6-779-2013

Geyer B., R. Weisse, P. Bisling, J. Winterfeldt, 2015: Climatology of North Sea wind energy derived from a model hindcast for 1958?2012. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 147:18?29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.09.005

Gill, A.E., 1982: Atmosphere-ocean dynamics. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 30, Academic Press, Orlando, London, 666 pp

Gill, S.E., J.F. Handley, A.R.Ennos and S. Paulett, 2007: Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure, Built Environment 33, 115-133

Giorgi F., 1990: Simulations of regional climate using limited-models nested in a general circulation models. J. Climate 3, 941-963

Giorgi F., X. Bi and Y, Qian, 2002. Direct radiative forcing and regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over East Asia: A regional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model study. J. Geophys. Res. 107, D20, doi:10.1029/2001IJD00106618 pp.

Giorgi, F., and L.O. Mearns, 1991: Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change: A review. Rev. Geophys. 29, 191-216

Giorgi, F., and W.J. Gutowski Jr., 2015: Regional Dynamical Downscaling and the CORDEX Initiative. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 40:467?90 (doi 10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021217)

Glacken, C.J., 1967: Traces on the Rhodian Shore. University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03216-0, 763 pp.

Glahn, H.R. and D.A. Lowry, 1972: The use of Model Output Statistics (MOS) in objective weather forecasting. J. Appl. Meteor. 11: 1203-1211

Glantz, M., 2003: Climate Affars. A Primer. Island Press, Washington - Covelo - London, 291pp.

Glantz, M., and D. Jamieson, 2000: Societal reponse to hurricane Mitch and intra- versus intergenerational equity issues: Whose norms should apply? Risk Analysis 20, 869-882

Global Environmental Change Report, 1990: GECR climate survey shows strong agreement on action, less so on warming. Global Environmental Change Report 2, No. 9, pp. 1-3

Glowienka, R. 1985: Studies on the variability of Icelandic low and Azores High between 1881 and 1982. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 58, 160-170

Glowienka-Hense R. and A. Hense, 1992: The effect of an Arctic polynya on the northern hemisphere mean circulation and eddy regime: a numerical experiment. Clim. Dyn. 7,155-163

Goddard, L., and M. Dilley, 2005: El Niño:Catastrophe or opportunity. J Climate 18: 651-665

G?rlich, M., & R?dder, S. (2017). Zwischen Lernort und Disputationsprobe. Eine empirische Untersuchung von Advisory Panel Meetings in einem strukturierten Promotionsprogramm in der Klimaforschung. In S. Lessenich (Ed.), Geschlossene Gesellschaften. Verhandlungen des 38. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft f?r Soziologie in Bamberg 2016. (OA at publikationen.soziologie.de/index.php/kongressband_2016)

Gönnert, G., S.K. Dube, T. M and W. Siefert, 2001: Global Storm Surges, Die Küste - Archie for Research and technology on the North Sea and Baltic Sea cost. Kuratorium für Forschung im Küsteningenieurwesen, Volume 63, ISBN 3-8042-1054-6, 623 pp.

Gönnert, G., 2003: Sturmfluten und Windstau in der Deutschen Bucht, Charakter, Veränderungen und Maximalwerte im 20. Jahrhundert. Die Küste, Archive for Research and Technology on the North Sea and Baltic Coast, Volume 67, 365 pp.

González-Ruoco, F.J., J.L. Jiminez, V. Quesada and F. Valero, 1998: Homogeneity of precipitation in the southwest of Europe. Conf. Proc. EC4C98, Vienna, 19-23 October 1998

González-Ruoco, F.J., H. Heyen, E. Zorita and F. Valero, 2000: Agreement between observed rainfall trends and climate change simulations in the southwest of Europe. J. Climate 13, 3057-3065

González-Rouco, F., J. L.Jimenez, V. Quesada and F. Valero 2001: Quality control and homogeneity of precipitation data in the southwest of Europe. J. Climate 14, 964-978

González-Rouco, F., H. Heyen, E. Zorita, and F. Valero, 2000: Testing the validity of a statistical downscaling method in simulations with global climate models. GKSS Report 99/E/29

González-Rouco J. F., E. Zorita, U. Cubasch, H. von Storch, I. Fischer-Bruns, F. Valero, J. P. Montavez, U. Schlese and S. Legutke, 2003: Simulating the climate since 1000 A. D. with the AOGCM ECHO-G. Proc. ISCS 2003 Symposium, 'Solar Variability as an Input to the Earth's Environment', Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia, 23-28 June 2003. ESA SP-535, 329-338.

D. Goltermann, G. Ujeyl, E. Pasche, 2008: Making coastal cities flood resilient in the era of climate change, Proceedings: 4th International Symposium on Flood Defence (ISFD4), Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, Toronto, Canada (6.-8. Mai 2008)

Gouirand, I., A. Moberg, and E. Zorita, 2007: Climate variability in Scandinavia for the past millennium simulated by an atmosphere-ocean egenral circulation model. Tellus 59A, 30-49

Gouirand, I., V. Moron, and E. Zorita, 2007: Teleconnections between ENSO and North Atlantic in an ECHO-G simulation of the 1000-1990 period. Geophysical Research Letters 34 L06706 doi:10.1029/2006GL028852

Grabemann, H.J., I. Grabemann, D. Herbers and A. Müller, 2001: Effects of a specific climate change scenario on the hydrography and transport of conservative substances in the Weser estuary, Germany: a case study. Clim. Res 18: 77-87

Grabemann, I. and R. Weisse, 2007: Climate change impact on extreme wave conditions in the North Sea: An ensemble study, Ocean Dynamics 58: 199-212

Grabemann, I., and G. Krause, 1998: Response of the turbidity maximum in the Wester Estuary to pulses in freshwater runoff and to storms. In: Dronkers and Scheffers (Eds): Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas. Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5410965 3

Grabemann, I., R.J. Uncles, G. Krause and J.A. Stephens, 1997: Behaviouur of turbidity maxima in the Tamar (U.K.) and Weser (F.R.G) estuaries. Estuarines, Coastal and Shelf Science 45, 235-246

Graf, H.-F., 1992: Arctic radiation deficit and climate variability. Clim. Dyn. 7, 19-28

Graf, H.-F., I. Kirchner, A. Robock and I. Schult, 1993: Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects: model versus observation. Clim. Dyn. 9, 81-93

Graf, H.-F., I. Perwitz and I. Kirchner, 1994: Northern hemisphere tropospheric mid-latitude circulation after violent volcanic eruptions. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 67, 3-13

Graham, L.P., 1999: Modelling runoff to the Baltic Sea. Ambio 28: 328-334

Graham, N.E., and H.F. Diaz, 2001: Evidence for intensification of north Pacific winter cyclones since 1948. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 1869-1893.

Greenpeace, 1994: The climate time bomb - Signs of climate change from the Greenpeace database. Stichting Greenpeace Council, Amsterdam, 166 pages. ISBN 90-73361-03-6

Greve, W., H. Fock, S. Garber, H. Heyen, S. Johannsen, P. Johanssen, U. Lange, J. Mainik, S. Müller-Navarra, C. Reick, F. Reiner, G. Winkler, 1998: Helgoland Roads: zooplankton analysis and prognosis. Fisheries Oceanography.

Grevemeyer, I., R. Herber and H.H. Essen, 2000: Microseismological evidence for a changing wave climate in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. nature 408, 349-352

Groh, R., und D. Groh, 1996: Weltbild und Naturaneignung. Zur Kulturgeschichte der Natur. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 2 Aufl., 176 S. (ISBN 3-518-28539-4)

Groll N,. M. Widmann, J.M. Jones, F. Kaspar F. and S.J. Lorenz, 2005: Simulated Relationships between Regional Temperatures and Large-Scale Circulation: 125 kyr BP (Eemian) and the Preindustrial Period, Climate, 18, 4035-4048, doi: 10.1175/JCLI3469.1

Grosjean, G., 1991: 100 Jahre Geographisches Institut der Universität Bern, 1886-1986. Jahrbuch der geographischen Gesellschaft von Bern, 56, 1986-90, 175pp

Grossmann, I., 2004: Modeling socio-economic change and its consequences for the environment-economy-interrelationship. Proceedings of the summer school IRISEN-II (Integrated Regional Impact Studies in the European North).

Grossmann, I., 2006: Three scenarios of the greater Hamburg region. futures 38 (1), pp. 31-49.

Grossmann, W., 2001: Entwicklungsstrategien in der Informationsgesellschaft - Mensch, Wirtschaft und Umwelt. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York,350 pp.

Grove, R.H, 1975: Green Imperialism. Expansion, Tropical Islands Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism 1600 - 1860. Cambridge University Press, 540 pp

Grundmann, R.H., 2017: The Problem of expertise in knowledge societies. Minerva 55: 25. doi:10.1007/s11024-016-9308-7(open access)

Grundmann, R., and N. Stehr, 1997: Klima und Gesellschaft, soziologische Klassiker und Aussenseiter: Über Weber, Durkheim, Simmel und Sombart. Soziale Welt 47, 85-100

Grundmann, R. 2012: ?Climategate? and The Scientific Ethos. Science, Technology, & Human Values 38, 67-93 https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243911432318

Gualdi, S., A. Navarra, and H. von Storch, 1997: Tropical intraseasonal oscillations appearing in operational analyses and in a family of general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 1185-1202

Günther, H., W. Rosenthal, M. Stawarz, Carretero, J.C., M. Gomez, I. Lozano, O. Serano and M. Reistad, 1998: The wave climate of the Northeast Atlantic over the period 1955-1994: The WASA wave hindcast. Global Atm. Oc. System,6, 121-163

Güss, S., 1998: Oxygen uptake at the sediment-water interface simultaneously measured using a flux chamber method and microelectrodes: Must a diffusive boundary layer exist? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46, 143-156

Güss, S., 2000: Cyclo-stationary Maximum Cross Covariance Analysis for Exogenously Forced Environmental Systems. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, Volume 7, Issue 4, pp. 385-404

Güss, S., D. Albrecht, H.-J. Krambeck and H. Mumm, 2000: Impact of climate variables on the dynamics of a lake ecosystem (Plusssee) assessed by cyclostationary MCCA of long-term observations. Ecology 81, 1720-1735 (earlier version 1998, GKSS 98/E/36)

Güss, S., D. Müller Navarra and H. von Storch, 1996: Sensitivity of a lake ecosystem to inter-annual climate variability. Proc. 14th Intern. Conf. Biometeor., 1-8 Sept. 1996, Lubljana, Slovenia

Gustafsson, N., L. Nyberg and A. Omstedt, 1998: Coupling of a high-resolution atmospheric model and an ocean model for the Baltic Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev. 126: 2822-2846

Gyalistras, D., H. von Storch, A. Fischlin and M. Beniston, 1994: Linking GCM simulated climatic changes to ecosystems models. Case studies of statistical downscaling in the Alps. Clim. Res. 4, 167-189

Haan, T.N., D.M. Allen, and J.O. Street, 1976: A Markov chain model of daily rainfall. Water Resour. Res. 12, 443-449

Hagner, C., 2000: European regulations to reduce lead emissions from automobiles - did they have an economic impact on the German gasoline and automobile markets? Reg. Environ. Change 1: 135-151 (earlier version as GKSS Report 99/E/30)

Hagner, C., 2002: Regional and Long-Term Patterns of Lead Concentrations in Riverine, Marine and Terrestrial Systems and Humans in Northwest Europe, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 134,1-40

Hamed, K.H., 2009: Enhancing the effectiveness of prewhitening in trend analysis of hydrologic data. Journal of Hydrology 368: 143?155.

Hann, J., 1883: Handbuch der Klimatologie. Band 1: Allgemeine Klimatologie. Stuttgart J. Engelhorn

Hann, J. 1903: Handbook of Climatology. Volume 1: General Climatology. New York, Macmillan.

Hanna, E., J. Cappelen, R.Allan, T. Jónsson, F. LeBlanq, T. Lillington and K. Hickey, 2008: New Insights into North European and North Atlantic Surface Pressure Variability, Storminess, and Related Climatic Change since 1830. J. Climate 21: 6739-6766

Hanna, E., J. Cappelen, R. Allan, T. Jonsson, F. le Blanc, T. Liington, and K. Hickey, 2008: New Insights into North European and North Atlantic Surface Pressure Variability,Storminess, and Related Climatic Change since 1830. J. Climate 21, 6739-6766, DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2296.1

Hansen, A.R. and A. Sutera, 1986: On the probability density function of planetary scale atmospheric wave amplitude. J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 3250-3265

Hansen, A.R. and A. Sutera, 1995: The probability density function of planetary scale atmospheric wave amplitude revisited. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2463-2472 DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2463:TPDDOT>2.0.CO;2

Hansen, G., D. Stone, M. Auffhammer, C. Huggel, and W. Cramer, 2015: Linking local impacts to changes in climate: a guide to attribution. Reg. Environ. Change, DOI 10.1007/s10113-015-0760-y

Harding, G., 1968: The tragedy of the commons. Science 162, 1243-1248

Hargreaves, J. 2010: Skill and uncertainty in climate models. Wileys Interdisplinary Reviews/ Climate Change, DOI: 10.1002/wcc.58

Harnik, N., and E.K.M. Chang, 2003a: Storm track variations as seen in radiosonde observations and reanalysis data. J. Climate, 16, 480-495.

Harrison, C., 2004: Peer review, politics and pluralism, Environmental Science & Policy 7, 357-368

Harrison, R.M., and M. Whelan, 2000: Comments on "Effects of reducing lead in gasoline: an analysis of the international experience". Environ Sci. and Technol. 34(19): 4253-4254

Hartzell, F.Z., 1919: Comparison of methods for computing daily mean temperatures. Mon. Wea. Rev. 47, 799-801

Hasselmann, K., 1976: Stochastic climate models. Part I. Theory. Tellus 28, 473-485

Hasselmann, K., 1979: On the signal-to-noise problem in atmospheric response studies. B.D.Shaw (ed.) Meteorology over the tropical oceans . Royal Met. Soc., Bracknell, Berkshire, England, 251-259

Hasselmann, K., 1988: PIPs and POPs: The reduction of complex dynamical systems using Principal Interaction and Oscillation Patterns. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 11015-11021

Hasselmann, K., 1990: How well can we predict the climate crisis? In: H. Siebert (ed) Environmental Scarcity - the International Dimension. JCB Mohr, Tübingen, 165 - 183

Hasselmann, K., 1993: Optimal fingerprints for the detection of time dependent climate change. J. Climate 6, 1957 - 1971

Hasselmann, K., 1998: Conventional and Bayesian approach to climate change detection and attribution. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 124: 2541-2565

Hasselmann, K., 1999: Cooperative and non-cooperative multi-actor strategies of optimizing greenhouse gas emissions. In: H. von Storch and G. Flöser (Eds.): Anthropogenic Climate Change. Springer Verlag, 213-260, ISBN 3-540-65033-4

Hasselmann, K., L. Bengtsson, U. Cubasch, G.C. Hegerl, H. Rohde, E. Roeckner, H. von Storch, R. Voss, J. Waskewitz, 1995: Detection of anthropogenic climate change using a fingerprint method. In: Modern Dynamical Meteorology (Peter D. Detlevsen, Ed.), Proceedings from a symposium in honour of Prof. Aksel Wiin Nielsen, pp. 201- 221

Hasselmann, K., S. Hasselmann, R. Giering, V. Ocana, H. von Storch, 1997: Optimization of CO₂ emissions using coupled integral response and simplified cost models. A sensitivity study. Climatic Change 37, 345-386

Hasselmann, K. R. Sausen, E. Maier-Reimer, R. Voss, 1993: On the cold start problem in transient simulations with coupled atmosphere-ocean models. Clim. Dyn. 9, 53-61

Haver, S., 1993: Climate changes? Possible consequences for offshore strcutures. Extended Abstracts of the 2nd Workshop on Climate Trends and Future Offshore Design and Operation Criteria. Bergen, April 1993, DNMI.

Hayashi, Y., 1982: Space-time spectral analysis and its applications to atmospheric waves, Jour. Meteor. Soc. Japan 60 156-171

Hegerl, G.C., K.H. Hasselmann, U. Cubasch, J.F.B. Mitchell, E. Roeckner, R. Voss and J. Waszkewitz, 1997: Multi-fingerprint detection and attribution analysis of greenhouse gas, greenhouse gas-plus-aerosol and solar forced climate change. Clim. Dyn. 13, 613-634

Hegerl, G.C., H. von Storch, K. Hasselmann, B.D. Santer, U. Cubasch, P.D. Jones, 1996: Detecting anthropogenic climate change with an optimal fingerprint method. J. Climate 9, 2281-2306

Heimann, D., and V. Sept., 2000: Climate change estimates of summer temperature and precipitation in the Alpine region. Theor. Appl. Climatol.66, 1-12

Heinzow, B.G.J., Sieg, I., Sabbioni, E., Hoffmann, B., Sch?cke, G.; Schulz, C., Krause, C., 1998: Trace Element Reference Values in Tissues from Inhabitants of the European Union. Review of Trace Elements in Blood, Serum and Urine and Critical Evaluation of Reference Values for the German Population. Untersuchungsstelle f?r Umwelttoxikologie des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel

HELCOM, Helsinki Commission, 2007 Climate change in the Baltic Sea area. HELCOM thematic assessment in 2007. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings 111, 54 pp. http://www.helcom.fi/stc/files/Publications/Proceedings/bsep111.pdf

Henderson-Seller, A., 1998: Climate whispers: Media communication about climate change. Climatic Change 40, 421-456

Hense, A., R. Glowienka-Hense, H. von Storch and U. St&auhl;hler, 1990: Northern Hemisphere atmospheric response to changes of Atlantic Ocean SST on decadal time scales: a GCM experiment. Clim. Dyn. 4, 157-174

Herceg, D., A.H. Sobel, L. Sun and S. E. Zebiak, 2006: The Big Brother Experiment and seasonal predictability in the NCEP regional spectral model, Climate Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s00382-006-0130-z

Herterich, K. and K. Hasselmann, 1987: Extraction of mixed layer advection velocitites, diffusion coefficients, feedback factors and atmospheric forcing parameters from the statistical analysis of the North Pacific SST anomaly fields. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17, 2146-2155

Hesse, M.B., 1970: Models and analogies in science. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame 184 pp.

Hewitson, B.C. and R.G. Crane, 1992: Regional-scale climate prediction from the GISS GCM. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 97, 249-267

Hewitson, B.C. and R.G. Crane, 1992: Regional-scale atmospheric controls on local precipitation in tropical Mexico. Geophys. Res. Letters 19, 1835-1838

Hewitson, B.C. and R.G. Crane, 1996: Climate Downscaling: Techniques and applications. Clim. Res. 7, 85-95

Heyen, H., 1998: Detecting relationships between the interannual variability in climate records and ecological time series using a multivariate statistical approach - four case studies for the North Sea region. Dissertation University of Hamburg. GKSS Report 98/E/32

Heyen, H., and J. W. Dippner, 1998: Salinity in the southern German Bight estimated from large-scale climate data. Tellus 50A, 545-556

Heyen, H., H. Fock and W. Greve, 1998: Detecting relationships between the interannual variability in ecological time series and climate using a multivariate statistical approach - a case study on Helgoland Roads zooplankton. Clim. Res. 10:179-191

Heyen, H., E. Zorita and H. von Storch, 1996: Statistical downscaling of winter monthly mean North Atlantic sea-level pressure to sea-level variations in the Baltic Sea. Tellus 48 A, 312-323

Hildebrandson, H.H., 1897: Quelque recherches sure les centres d'action de l'atmosphère. K. Sven. Vetenskaps akad. Handl. 29, 1-33

Hofstede, J., 2002: Morphologic responses of Wadden Sea tidal basins to a rise in tidal water levels and tidal range. Z. Geomorph. N.F., 46, 93-108

Hoheisel, K., 1988: Religionsgeographie und Religionsgeschichte. In: H. Zimmer (Ed.): Religionswissenschaft. Eine Einführung. Berlin 1988, 114-130

Hoheisel, K., 1993: Gottesbild und Klimazonen. In: Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Studium Generale WS 1992, 127-140

Hogben, N. 1994: Increases in wave heights over the North Atlantic: A review of the evidence and some implications for the naval architect. Trans Roy. Inst. Naval Arch., 93-101

Holgate, Simon J., 2007. On the decadal rates of sea level change during the twentieth century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01602, doi:10.1029/2006GL028492, January 4, 2007

Holopainen, E., C. Fortelius and K. Ruosteenoja, l988: The effect of transient eddies on the stationary eddy isobaric height field. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 1760-1769.

Holton, J.R., 1983: The stratosphere and its links to the troposphere. In B. Hoskins and R. Pearce (Eds.) Large-Scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere. Academic Press, 277-303

Hong, S., J.P. Candelone, C.C. Patterson, and C.F. Boutron, 1994: Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations. Science 265, 1841-1843

Honerkamp, J., 1994: Stochastic dynamical systems: concepts, numerical methods, data. VCH Publishers, ISBN 3-527-89563-9, 535 pp.

Hoozemans, F.M.J., Marchand, M. and Pennekamp, H.A. 1993: A Global Vulnerabil?ity Analy?sis, Vulnerability assessments for population, coastal wetlands and rice production on a global scale, 2nd Edition, Delft Hydrau?lics and Rijkswaterstaat, Delft and the Hague.

Hope, P. K., N. Nicholls, and J. L. McGregor, 2004: The rainfall response to permanent inland water in Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 53, 251-262.

Horel, J.D. and J.M. Wallace, 1981: Planetary scale phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109, 813-829

Hoskins, B.J. and D.J. Karoly, 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 1179-1196

Hotelling, H., 1936: Relations between two sets of variants. Biometrika 28, 321-377.

Houghton, J.T., B.A. Callander and S.K. Varney (eds), 1992: Climate Change 1992. Cambridge University Press, 200 pp.

Houghton, J.T., Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C.A. Johnson, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, 881 pp.

Houghton, J.L., G.J.Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums (eds), 1990: Climate Change. The IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press, 365 pp.

Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell (eds), 1996: Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 56436-0, 572 pp.

Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; Johnson, C.A., eds., 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80767-0

House of Lords, Select Committee on Economic Affairs, 2005: The Economics of Climate Change. Volume I: Report, 2nd Report of Session 2005-06, Authority of the House of Lords, London, UK;The Stationery Office Limited, HL Paper 12-I

Høyer, J.L., and O.B. Andersen, 2003: Improved description of sea level in the North Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi:10.1029/2002JC0011601

Hsieh, W.H. and B. Tang, 1998: Applying neural network models to prediction and analysis in meteorology and oceanography. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 79, 1855-1870

Hu, K., P. Ding and J. Ge, 2007: Modelling of storm surge in the coastal waters of Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. J. Coastal Res. SI 50.

Hughes, J.P. and P. Guttorp, 1994: A class of stochastic models for relating synoptic atmospheric patterns to regional hydrologic phenomena. Water Resour. Res. 30, 1535-1546

Hughes, J.P., P. Guttorp and S. Charles, 1999: A non-homogeneous hidden Markov model for precipitation occurrence. Appl. Statist. 48: 15-30

Hughes, J. P., D.P. Lettenmaier, and P. Guttorp, 1993: A stochastic approach for assessing the effect of changes in synoptic circulation patterns on gauge precipitation. Water Resour. Res., 29 (10), 3303-3315.

Hughes, M.K., 1990: The tree ring record. In R.S. Bradley (Ed.) Global Changes of the Past. UCAR/OIES, Boulder, Colorado, 117-137

Hughes, M.K. and H.F. Diaz, 1994: Was there a ``medieval warm period'', and if so, where and when? Climatic Change 26, 109-142

Hulme, M., 1992: A 1951-80 global land precipitation climatology for the evaluation of general circulation models. Climate Dyn. 7, 57-72

Hulme, M., 1997: Global warming. Prog. Phys. Geography 21, 446-453

Hulme, M. 2008. The conquering of climate: discourses of fear and their dissolution, The Geographical Journal, 174, 1, 5-16

Hulme, M., 2011: Reducing the Future to Climate: A Story of Climate Determinism and Reductionism. Osiris 26: 245-266

Hulme,M., 2013: How climate models gain and exercise authority in: Hastrup,K. and Skrydstrup,M. (eds) The social life of climate change models: anticipating nature, Routledge, Abingdon, UK, 240pp. pp.30-44 (Chapter 2)

Hulme, M., E.M. Barrow, N.W. Arnell, P.A. Harrison, T.C. Johns and T.E. Downing, 1999: Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability. Nature 397, 688-691

Hulme, M., K.R. Briffa, P.D. Jones and C.A. Senior, 1993: Validation of GCM control simulations using indices of daily airflow types over the British Isles. Clim. Dyn. 9, 95-105

Hulme, M. and Jones, P.D., 1991: Temperatures and windiness over the UK during the winters of 1988/89 and 1989/90 compared to previous years. Weather 46, 126-135

Huntington, E., 1925: Civilization and Climate. Yale University Press, New Heaven, 2nd edition.

Huntington, E. and S.S. Visher, 1922: Climatic Changes. Yale University Press, New Heaven, 329 pp.

Hurrell, J.W., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269, 676-679

Ibrahim, Y., and S. Rödder (Eds), 2022: Schlüsselwerke der sozialwissenschaftlichen Klimaforschung“, transscript, 561 pages, ISBN: 978-3-8376-5666-4

IDAG, 2005: Detecting and attributing external influences on the climate system. A review of recent advances. J. Climate 18, 1291-1314

Inaudil, D., X. Collona de Lega, A. Di Tullio, C. Forno, P. Jacquot, M. Lehmann, M. Monti and S. Vurpillot, 1995: Experimental evidence for the Butterfly Effect. Ann. Improb. Res. 1, 2-3

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.

Irvine, P.J., B. Kravitz, M. G. Lawrence, and H. Muri, 2016: An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering. WIREs Climate Change 7, 816-833

Irvine, P. J., B. Kravitz, M. G. Lawrence, D. Gerten, C. Caminade, S. N. Gosling, E. J. Hendy, B. T. Kassie, W. D. Kissling, H. Muri, A. Oschlies, and S. J. Smith, 2016: Towards a comprehensive climate impacts assessment of solar geoengineering, Earth?s Future 5, doi:10.1002/2016EF000389.

Jacob, D., L. B?rring, O. B. Christensen, J. H. Christensen, M. de Castro, M. D?qu?, F. Giorgi, S. Hagemann, M. Hirschi, R. Jones, E. Kjellstr?m, G. Lenderink, B. Rockel, E. S?nchez, Ch. Sch?r, S. I. Seneviratne, S. Somot, A. van Ulden, and B. van den Hurk, 2007: An inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe: Model performance in Present-Day Climate, Climatic Change, 10.1007/s10584-006-9213-4

Jacob, D., and R. Podzun, 1997: Sensitivity Studies with the Regional Climate Model REMO. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 63, 119-129

Jacob, D., R. Podzun and M. Claussen, 1995: REMO - A Model for Climate Research and Weather Prediction. International Workshop on Limited-Area and Variable Resolution Models, Beijing, China, October 23-27, 1995, 273-278

Jacobeit, J., 1994: Empirical estimations of Mediterranean rainfall changes in the transitional seasons due to enhanced greenhouse warming. In: Contemporary Climatology, R. Bradzil and M. Kolar (Eds), Brno, Czech Republic, 266-271

Jaeger, L., P. Hupfer und A. Kessler, 2006: 100 Jahre globale Wasserbilanz von Eduard Brückner, eine Würdigung aus heutiger Sicht. Erdkunde 60, 273-286

Jakubowski-Thiessen, M., 2003: Gotteszorn und Meereswüten. In D. Groh, M. Kempe and F. Mauelshagen (eds): Naturkatastrophen. Gunter Narr Verlag Tübingen, 101-118

Jakubowski-Thiessen, M., 2004: "Trutz, Blanker Hans". Der Kampf gegen die Nordsee. In B. Lundt (Hrsg.). Nordlichter. Geschichtsbewusstsein und Geschichtsmythen nördlich der Elbe, Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar Berlin, 67-84

Jakubowski-Thiessen, M., 2007: "Ökodiktatur? Nein danke!" In M. L. Allemeyer, M. Jakubowski-Tiessen, S. Rus Rufino (eds.): Von der Gottesgabe zur Ressource / De la Conservacion a la Ecologia, Klartext Verlag Essen ISBN 978-3-89861-748-2, 304 pp

James, P.M., K. Fraedrich, and I.A. James, 1994: Wave-zonal-flow interaction and ultra-low-frequency variability in a simplified global circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 120, 1045-1067

Jannick, D.W., 1994: Trends in de golfhoogten van K13, Ijmuijden en Europlatform. KNMI memorandum WM-94-16, 7pp

Jannick, D.W., 1997: A new analysis of the wave heights measured in the WASA project from shiprouting wavecharts. KNMI memorandum WM-97-13, 7 pp.

Jelesnianski, C.P., 1965: A numerical calculation of storm tides induced by a tropical storm impinging on a continental shelf. Mon Wea. Rev. 93, 343-360

Jelesnianski, C.P., 1967: Numerical computations of storms urges with bottom stress. Mon Wea. Rev. 95, 740-756

Jenkins, G.M. and D.G. Watts, 1968: Spectral analysis and its application. Holden-Day, 525 pp.

Jensen, J., C. Mudersbach, S. Müller-Navarra, I. Bork, C. Kozar and V. Renner, 2007: Modellgestützte Untersuchungen zu Sturmfluten mit sehr geringen Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeiten an der deutschen Nordseeküste. Die Küste 71, 123-168

Jensen, J., and C. Mudersbach, 2004: Zeitliche ?nderungen der Wasserstandsreihen an den Deutschen K?sten. In in G. G?nnert, H. Grassl, D. Kelletat, H. Kunz, B. Probst, H. von Storch and J. S?ndermann: Klima?nderung und K?stenschutz, Hamburg 2004, 115-128

Ji, Y.M, and A.D. Vernekar, 1997: Simulation of the Asian summer monsoons of 1987 and 1988 with a regional model nested in a global GCM, J. Clim. 10: 1965-1979

Jolliffe, I.T., 1987: Rotation of principal components: some comments. J. Climatol. 7, 507-510

Jones, J.M. and T.D. Davies, 2000: Investigation of the climatic influence of air and precipitation chemistry over Europe, and applications to a downscaling methodology to assess future acidic deposition. Clim. Res. 14:7-24

Jones, J.M. and Widmann, M. 2003: Instrumental- and tree-ring-based estimates for the Antarctic Oscillation. J. Climate, 16, 3511-3524.

Jones, P.D., 1987: The early twentieth century Arctic high - fact or fiction? Clim. Dyn. 1, 63-75

Jones, P.D., 1988: Hemispheric surface air temperature variations: Recent trends and an update to 1987. J. Climate 1, 654-660

Jones, P.D., 1991: Southern Hemisphere sea-level pressure data: an analysis and reconstruction back to 1951 and 1911. Int. J. Climatol. 11, 585-607

Jones, P.D., 1995: The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the ``CO<sub>2</sub> Signal''. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 53-76, (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Jones, P.D. and K.R. Briffa, 1992: Global surface air temperature variations over the twentiethcentury: Part 1 Spatial, Temporal and seasonal details. The Holocene 2, 174-188

Jones, P.D., K.R. Briffa, T.P. Barnett and S.F.B. Tett, 1998: High resolution paleoclimatic records from the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. The Holocene 8,43: 445-471

Jones, P.D., P. Y. Groisman, M. Coughlan, N. Plummer, W.-C. Wang and T.R. Karl, 1990: Assessment of urbanization effects in time series of surface air temperatures over land. Nature 347, 169-172

Jones, P.D., T.J. Osborn and K.R. Briffa, 1997: Estimating sampling errors in large-scale temperature averages. J.Climate 10, 2548-2568

Jones, P.D., T.J. Osborn and K.R. Briffa, 2001: The evolution of climate over the last millennium. Science 292:662-667

Jones, P.D., S.C.B. Raper, R.S. Bradley, H.F. Diaz, P.M. Kelly and T.M.L. Wigley, 1986: Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 25, 161-179

Jones, P.D., S.C.B. Raper, B.D. Santer, B.S.G. Cherry, C.M. Goodess, P.M. Kelly, T.M.L. Wigley, R.S. Bradley and H.F. Diaz, 1985: A Grid Point Surface Air Temperature Data Set for the Northern Hemisphere. US. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Technical Report TR022, 251pp .

Jones, P.D., S.C.B. Raper and T.M.L. Wigley, 1986b: Southern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. J. Climate and Applied Meteorology 25, 1213-1230

Jones, P.D., S.C.B. Raper, B.S.G. Cherry, C.M. Goodess and T.M.L. Wigley, 1986c: A Grid Point Surface Air Temperature Data Set for the Southern Hemisphere. U.S. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Technical Report TRO27, 73pp.

Jones, P.D. and T.M.L. Wigley, 1990: Global warming trends. Scientific American 263, 84-91

Jones, P.D., T.M.L. Wigley and G. Farmer, 1991: Marine and Land temperature data set s: A Comparison and a look at recent trends. In M.E. Schlesinger (Ed.) Greenhouse-gas-induced climatic change: A critical appraisal of simulations and observations. Elsevier Scientific Publishers, 153-172

Jones, P.D., Hulme, M. and Briffa, K.R. 1993: A comparison of Lamb circulation types with an objective classification derived from grid-point mean-sea-level pressure data. Intern. J. Climatol. 13, 655-663

Jones, R.H., 1976: On estimating the variance of time averages. J. Appl. Meteor. 15, 514-515

Jones, R.H., 1985: Time series analysis - time domain. In: A.H. Murphy andR. W. Katz (Eds.): Probability, Statistics, and Decision Making in the Atmospheric Sciences. Westview Press, Boulder and London, ISBN 0-86531-152-8, 223-260

Jouzel, J., R.B. Alley, K.M. Cuffey, W. Dansgaard, P. Grootes, G. Hoffmann, S.J. Johnson, R.D. Koster, D. Peel, C.A. Shuman, M. Stievenard, M. Stuiver and J. White, 1997: Validity of the temperature reconstruction from water isotopes in ice cores. J. Geophys. Res. 102, C12, 26471-26487

Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC Regional Spectral Model Mon. Wea. Rev.122, 3-26.

Juang, H.-M. H., S.-Y. Hong and M. Kanamitsu, 1997: The NCEP Regional Spectral Model: An Update. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 78, 2125-2143.

Kaas, E., T.-S. Li and T. Schmith, 1996: Statistical hindcast of wind climatology in the North Atlantic and Northwestern European region. Clim. Res. 7:97-110

Kabanda, T.A. and M.R. Jury, 1999: Inter-annual variability of short rains over northern Tanzania. Clim. Res. 13:231-241

Kaiser, D.P., and Y. Qian, 2002: Decreasing trends in sunshine duration over China for 1954-1998: Indication of increased haze pollution? Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 2042, doi:10.1029/2002GL016057, 38-1 - 4

Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janowiak, K.C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, A. Leetmaa, R. Reynolds, R. Jenne and D. Joseph, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 77, No. 3, 437-471

Kang, H.-S., D.-H. Cha and D.-K. Lee, 2005: Evaluation of the mesoscale model/land surface model (MM5/LSM) coupled model for East Asian summer monsoon simulations. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D10105, 10.1029/2004JD005266, 18 pp.

Kanamaru, H., and M. Kanamitsu, 2007: Scale-selective bias correction in a downscaling of global analysis using a regional model. Mon Wea. Rev 135: 334-350

Kanamitsu, M., and H. Kanamaru, 2007: Fifty-seven-year California reanalysis downscaling at 10 km (CaRD10). Part I: System detail and validation with observations. J. Climate 20: 5553-5571

Kapitza, H. and D. Eppel, 1992: The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model GESIMA. Part I: Dynamical equations and tests. Contrib. Phys. Atmos. 65, 129-146

Kaspar, F., Tinz, B., Michel, H., Gates, L. 2015: Data rescue of national and international meteorological observations at Deutscher Wetterdienst. Adv. Sci. Res. 12, 57-61, doi:10.5194/asr-12-57-2015 (http://www.adv-sci-res.net/12/57/2015/)

Karl, T.R., H.F. Diaz and G. Kukla, 1988: Urbanization: its detection and effect in the United States climate record. J. Climate 1, 1099-1123

Karl, T.R., R.G. Quayle and P.Y. Groisman, 1993: Detecting climate variations and change: New challenges for observing and data management systems. J. Climate 6, 1481-1494

Karl, T.R. and C.N. Williams, Jr., 1987: An approach to adjusting climatological time series for discontinuous inhomogeneities. J. Clim. Appl. Met. 26, 1744-1763

Karoly, D.J., and Q. Wu, 2005: Detection of regional surface temperature trends, J. Climate 18, 4337-4343

Katz, R.W. and M. B. Parlange, 1996: Mixtures of stochastic processes: applications to statistical downscaling. Clim. Res. 7:185-193

Katsman, C.A., W. Hazeleger, S. S. Drijfhout, G.J. van Oldenborgh and G. Burgers, 2008: Climate scenarios of sea level rise for the northeast Atlantic Ocean: a study including the effects of ocean dynamics and gravity changes induced by ice melt. Climatic Change (in press)

Kauker, F., 1998: Regionalization of climate model results for the North Sea. PhD thesis University of Hamburg, 109 pp., GKSS 99/E/6

Kauker, F., R. Gerdes, M. Karcher and C. Köberle, 1999: Decadal predictability of North Atlantic sea-surface temperature as derived from a multi-decadal OGCM simulation. submitted

Kauker, F. and H. Langenberg, 2000: Two models for the climate change related development of sea levels in the North Sea. A comparison. Clim. Res. 15, 61-67

Kauker, F. and J. Oberhuber, 1997: A regional version of the ocean general circulation model OPYC with open boundaries and tides. GKSS 97/E/47

Kauker, F., and H. von Storch, 2000: Statistics of "circulation wather" in the North Sea as derived from a multi-annual OGCM simulation. J. Phys. Oceano. 30: 3039-3049.

Kausch, H., 1996: Vorhersehbare Auswirkungen der erwarteten Klimaänderungen auf die Ökologie der norddeutschen Ästuare, dargestellt am Beispiel der Elbe. Seevögel 17, 21-26

Keenlyside, N.S., M. Latif, J. Jungclaus, L. Kornblueh, and E. Roeckner, 2008: Advancing Decadal-Scale Climate Prediction in the North Atlantic Sector. Nature, 453, 84-88.

Keith, D.W., and P. J. Irvine, 2016: Solar geoengineering could substantially reduce climate risks?A research hypothesis for the next decade, Earth?s Future, 4, 549?559, doi:10.1002/2016EF000465

Kellow, A., 2007: Science and Public Policy. Edgar Elgar Publishing, 218 pp. ISBN 978 84720 479-7

Kelly, K.A., 1985: The influence of winds and topography on the sea surface temperature patterns over the Northern California slope. J. Geophys. Res. 90C, 11783-11798

Kelly, K.A., 1988: Comment on ``Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer surface temperature patterns in Santa Barbara Channel'' by G.S.E. Lagerloef and R.L. Bernstein. J. Geophys. Res. 93C, 15753-15,754

Kempton, W., J.S. Boster and J. A. Hartley, 1995: Environmental values in American Culture. MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London, ISBN 0-262-11191-8, 320 pp

Kempton, W., and P.P. Craig, 1993: European perspectives on Global Climate Change. Environment 35, 16-45

Kempton, W., P.P. Craig and C.R. Kuennen, 1995: Global climate change: European policy makers' view of how science enters the political process. Energy and Environment, 6, 87-105

Kerr, R.A., 1998: Warming's unpleasant surprise: Shivering in the greenhouse? Science 281, 156-158

Kershaw, I., 1973: The great famine and agrarian crisis in England, 1315-1322. Past Present 59, 3-50

Keevallik, S. and V. Russak, 2001: Changes in the amount of low clouds in Estonia. Int. J. Climatol. 21: 389-397

Kharin. V.V., 1995: The relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies and atmospheric circulation in general circulation model experiments. Clim. Dyn. 11, 359-375

Kharin. V.V. and Francis Zwiers, 2000: Changes in the extremes in an ensemble of transient climate simulations with a coupled atmopsphere-ocean GCM. J. Climate 13: 3760-3788

Kharin, V. V., Zwiers, F. W., and X. Zhang, 2004: Intercomparison of near surface temperature and precipitation extremes in AMIP-2 simulations. J. Climate (submitted)

Kida, H., T. Koide, H. Sasaki and M. Chiba, 1991: A new approach to coupling a limited area model with a GCM for regional climate simulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 69, 723-728

Kim, J.E., and S.Y. Hong, 2012: A Global Atmospheric Analysis Dataset Downscaled from the NCEP?DOE Reanalysis. J. Climate 25, 2527-2534

Kim, J.W., J.-T. Chang, N.L. Baker, D.S. Wilks and W.L. Gates, 1984: The statistical problem of climate inversion: Determination of the relationship between local and large-scale climate. Mon. Wea. Rev. 112: 2069-2077

Kim, K.-Y., and G. R. North, 1997: EOFs of harmonizable cyclostationary processes. J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 2416-2427

Kim, K.-Y., G. R. North and J. Huang, 1996: EOFs of one-dimensional cyclostationary time series: computations, examples and stochastic modeling. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 1007-1017

Kim, S,Y., an Y. Kim, 2018: The ethos of science and its correlates: An empirical analysis of scientists? endorsement of Mertonian norms. Science Technology & Society 23(2); https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721817744438

Kincer, J.B., 1933: Is our climate changing? A study of long-term temperature trends. Mon. Wea. Rev. 61, 251-259

Kirby, M., 1992: Minimal dynamical systems from PDEs using Sobolev eigenfunctions, Physica D 57, 466-475

Kirtman, B.P., J. Shukla, M. Balmaseda, N. Graham, C. Penland, Y. Xue and S. Zebiak, 2001: Current Status of ENSO Forecast Skill A Report to the CLIVAR Working Group on Seasonal to Interannual Prediction WCRP Informal Report No 23/01 ICPO Publication No. 56, 26 pp.

Kistler, R., E. Kalnay, W. Collins, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, M. Kanamitsu, V. Kousky, H. van den Dool, R. Jenne and M. Fiorino, 2001: The NCEP/NCAR 50-year reanalysis. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc. 82: 247-267

Kitmann, J.L, 2000: The secret story of lead. The Nation 270, 11, 11-44

Klehmet, K., B. Geyer, and B. Rockel, 2013: A regional climate model hindcast for Siberia: analysis of snow water equivalent. The Cryosphere, 7, 1017?1034, doi:10.5194/tc-7-1017-2013.

Klinenberg, E., 2002: Heat Wave. A social autopsy of disaster in Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-44321-3, 305 pp.

Klein, W.H. and H.R. Glahn, 1974: Forecasting local weather by means of model output statistics, Bulletin Amer. Met. Soc. 55, 1217-1227

Klein, W.H., B.M. Lewis and I. Enger, 1959: Objective prediction of five-day mean temperatures during winter. J. Meteor. 16: 672-682

Klein Tank A.M.G., G. P. Könen, and F. M. Selten, 2005: Signals of anthropogenic influence on European warming as seen in the trend patterns of daily temperature variance. I J. Climatol.

Knieling, J.; Schaerffer, M. 2011: Adaptation to Climate Change in Growing Flood Prone Areas: Risk Management in Metropolis Hamburg/Germany, JCCSa - Journal of Comparative Cultural Studies in Architecture 5, 5-10.

Knippertz P., U. Ulbrich, P. Speth, 2000: Changing cyclones and surface wind speeds over the North Atlantic and Europe in a transient GHG experiment. Clim. Res. 15:109-122

KNMI, 1993: De toestand van het klimaat en van de ozonlaag in Nederland. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, The Netherlands, 20 pp.

Knutson, T.R., J. J. Sirutis1, S. T. Garner1, I. M. Held and R. E.Tuleya, 2007: Simulation of the recent multi-decadal increase of Atlantic hurricane activity using an 18-km grid regional model. Bull Amer. Meteo. Soc. 88, 1549-1565

Knuth, P., 1896-1899: Phänologische Beobachtungen in Schleswig Holstein im Jahre 1896, 1897, 1898 und 1899. Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig Holstein. 11: 157-185, 252-259; 12: 22-28, 51-57

Kolb, S., 2005: Mediale Thematisierung in Zyklen. Theoretischer Entwurf und empirische Anwendung. Dissertation Universität Hamburg, Herbert von Halem Verlag, Köln, isbn 3-938258-05-0, 333p.

Kolstad, E. W., T. J. Bracegirdle, and M. Zahn (2016), Re-examining the roles of surface heat flux and latent heat release in a ?hurricane-like? polar low over the Barents Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 7853?7867, doi:10.1002/2015JD024633

Komen, G.J., L. Cavaleri, M. Donelan, K. Hasselmann, S. Hasselmann and P.A.E.M. Janssen, 1994: Dynamics and Modelling of Ocean Waves. Cambridge University Press, 532 p.

Köppen, W., 1923: Die Klimate der Erde. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin

Koslowski, G., and R. Glaser, 1999: Variations in reconstrcuted ice winter severity in the Western Baltic from 1501 to 1995, and their implications for the North Atlantic Oscillation. Climatic Change 41: 175-191

Kowalik, Z. amd T.S. Murty, 1993: Numerical modeling of ocean dynamics. World Scientific, Singapore - New Jersey - London - Hongkong, ISBN 981-02-1336-6, 481 pp.

Kraus, H. (Ed.), 1992: Meteorologie im Übergang: Erfahrungen und Erinnerungen (1931-1991). Hermann Flohn. Bonner Meteorologische Abhandlungen 40

Krause, G. and M. Tomczak, 1995: Do marine scientists have a scientific view of the earth? Oceanography 8, 11-16

Krauss, W. und M. Rulfs, 2003: Bilder der Flut ? Bilderfluten: Einsch?tzung der medialen Darstellung des Elbehochwassers im August 2002. GKSS report 2003/9

Creutzig, F., P. Agoston, J.-C Goldschmidt, G. Luderer, G. Nemet, and R. Pietzcker, Robert. (2017): The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. Nature Energy. 2. 10.1038/nenergy.2017.140.

Kröncke, J.W. Dippner, H. Heyen and B. Zeiss, 1998: Long-term changes in macrofauna communities off Norderney (East Frisia, Germany) in relation to climate variability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series 167, 25-36

Krück, C. and D. Bray, 2000: Wie schätzt die deutsche Exekutive die Gefahr eines globalen Klimawandels ein? GKSS Report 2000/6

Krüger, O., F.Schenk, F. Feser, and R. Weisse, 2012: Inconsistencies between long-term trends in storminess derived from the 20CR reanalysis and observations. J. Climate e-View doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00309.1

Küster, H., 1995: Geschichte der Landschaft Mitteleuropas. Von der Eiszeit bis zur Gegenwart. Beck-Verlag München, ISBN 3-406-39525-2, 424pp

Küttel, M., J. Luterbacher, E. Zorita, E. Xoplaki, N. Riedwyl and H. Wanner, 2007: Testing a European winter surface reconstruction in a surrogate climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press

Kulkarni, A. and H. von Storch, 1995: Monte Carlo experiments on the effect of serial correlation on the Mann-Kendall test of trend, Meteor. Z. (NF), 4, 82-85

Kundu, P.K. and J.S. Allen, 1976: Some three-dimensional characteristics of low frequency current fluctuations near the Oregon coast. J. Phys. Oceano. 6, 181-199

Kundu, P.K., J.S. Allen and R.L. Smith, 1975: Modal decomposition of the velocity field near the Oregon Coast. J. Phys. Oceano. 5, 683-704

Kunkel, K. E., R.A. Pielke Jr, S.A. Changnon, 1998: Temporal fluctuations in weather and climate extremes that cause economic and human health impacts: a review. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.80: 1077-1098

Kushnir, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. J. Climate 7, 142-157

Kushnir, Y, V.J. Cardone and M. Cane, 1995: Link between Atlantic climate variability of surface wave height and sea level pressure. Proc. Fourth International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, Banff, Canada, October 16-20, 1995, 59-64

Kushnir, Y., V.J. Cardone, J.G. Greenwood and M.A. Cane, 1997: The recent increase in North Atlantic wave heights. J. Climate 10, 2107-2113

Kushnir, Y. and N.C. Lau, 1992: The general circulation model response to a North Pacific SST anomaly: Dependence on time scale and pattern polarity. J. Climate 5, 271-283

Kushnir, Y. and J.M. Wallace, 1989: Low frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Geographical distribution, structure and time dependence. J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 3122-3142

Kutzbach, G., 1979: The thermal theory of cyclones. AMS Monograph, Boston, 254pp.

Kutzbach, J.E. and R.A. Bryson, 1974: Variance spectrum of holocene climatic fluctuations in the North Atlantic sector. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1958-1963

Kutzbach, J.E., R. Gallimore, S. Harrison, P. Behling, R. Selin and F. Laarif, 1998: Climate and biome simulations for the past 21,000 years. Quat. Sci. Revs. 17: 473-506

Kutzbach, J. E. and Z. Liu, 1997: Response of the African monsoon to orbital forcing and ocean feedbacks in the middle Holocene. Science 278:440-443

Kwasniok, F., 1996: The Reduction of Complex Dynamical Systems Using Principal Interaction Patterns, Physica D 92, 28-60

Labitzke, K., 1987: Sunspot, the QBO, and the stratospheric temperature in the north polar region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 535-537

Labitzke, K. and H. van Loon, 1988: Association between the 11-year solar cycle, the QBO, and the atmosphere. Part I: the troposphere and the stratosphere in the northern hemisphere in winter. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 50, 197-206

Lacey, C. and D. Longmann, 1993: The press und public access to the environment and development debate. Sociol. Rev. 41, 207-243

Lahsen, M., 2008: Experience of modernity in the greenhouse: A cultural analysis of a physicist "trio" supporting backlash against global warming. Global Env. Change 18: 204-219

Lall, U., and A. Sharma, 1996: A naerest neighbor bootstrap for resampling hydrologic time series. Water Res. Res. 32: 679-693

Lamb, H.H., 1950: Types and spells of weather around the year in the British Isles. Quarterly J. of the Royal Meteorological Society 76, 393-438

Lamb, H.H., 1959: Our changing climate, past and present. Weather, 14, 299-318

Lamb, H.H., 1972: British Isles weather types and a register of daily sequence of circulation patterns, 1861-1971. Geophysical Memoir 116, HMSO, London, 85pp.

Lamb, H.H., 1977: Climate: Present, Past and Future. Volume 2, Climatic History and the Future. Methuen, London, 835pp.

Lamb, H.H., 1979: Climatic variation and changes in the wind and ocean circulation: the Little Ice Age in the northeast Atlantic. Quaternary Research 11, 1-20

Lamb, H.H., 1982: Climate, history and the modern world. Methuen Co. London

Lamb, H.H., 1987: What can historical records tell us about the breakdown the medieval warm climate in Europe in the fourteenth and fiveteenth centuiries - an experiment. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 60, 131-143

Lamb, H.H., 1997: Through the changing scenes of life. A meteorologist's tale. Taverner Publication. ISBN 1 901 470 02 4, 274 pp

Lamb, P.J., 1978a: Case studies of tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns during recent sub-Saharan weather anomalies: 1967 and 1968. Mon. Wea. Rev. 106, 482-491

Lamb, P.J., 1978b: Large-scale tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns associated with Subsaharan weather anomalies. Tellus A30, 240-251

Lambert S. J. , 1988: A Cyclone Climatology of the Canadian Climate Centre General Circulation Model. J. Climate 1, 109-115

Lambert S.J., 1995: The effect of enhanced greenhouse warming on winter cyclone frequencies and strengths. J Climate 8:1447?1452

Lambert S.J., 2004: Changes in winter cyclone frequencies and strengths in transient enhanced greenhouse warming simulations using two coupled climate models. Atmos Ocean 42:173?181

Lambert, S.J. and J. C. Fyfe, 2006: Changes in winter cyclone frequencies and strengths simulated in enhanced greenhouse warming experiments: results from the models participating in the IPCC diagnostic exercise. Climate Dynamics 26: 713?728, DOI 10.1007/s00382-006-0110-3

Lambert S.J., J. Sheng, and J.S. Boyle JS, 2002: Winter cyclone frequencies in thirteen models participating in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP1). Clim. Dyn. 19:1?16

Landerer, F.W:, J. H. Jungclaus and J. Marotzke, 2007: Regional dynamic and steric sea level change in response to the IPCC-A1B scenario, J. Phys. Oceano. 37, 296-312

Landsea, C. W., 2005: Hurricanes and global warming. Nature, 438, E11-13.

Landsea, C. W., 2007: Counting Atlantic tropical cyclones back in time, EOS: Transactions of the AGU, 88(18), 197, 202.

Landsea, C.W., R. Pielke, jr, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez and J. A. Knaff, 1999: Atlantic Basin huricanes: indices of climatic change. Climatic Change 42: 89-129

Landsea, C.W., and J. Kanff, 2000: How much skill was there in forecasting the very strong 1997-98 El Nino? Bull. Amer. Met Soc. 81, 2107-2119

Landsea, C. W., C. Anderson, N. Charles, G. Clark, J. Dunion, J. Fernandez-Partagas, P. Hungerford, C. Neumann, and M. Zimmer, 2004: The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the1851-1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database. R. J. Murname and K.-B. Liu (eds): Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future, Eds., Columbia University Press, 177-221.

Langenberg, H., A. Pfizenmayer, H. von Storch and J. Sündermann, 1999: Storm related sea level variations along the North Sea coast: natural variability and anthropogenic change.- Cont. Shelf Res. 19:821-842

Langmuir, I. (transcribed and edited by Robert N. Hall), 1989: Pathological science. Physics Today Octoebr 1989, 36-48

Lanzante, J. R., 1984: Strategies for assessing skill and significance of screening regression models with emphasis on Monte Carlo techniques. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 24, 952-966

Lanzante, J.R., 1984: A rotated eigenanalysis of the correlation between 700-mb heights and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific and Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev. 112, 2270-2280

Lanzante, J. R., 1986: Reply. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 25, 1485-1486

Laprise, R., 2003: Resolved scales and nonlinear interactions in limited-area models. J. Atmos. Sci. 60: 768-779

Laprise, R., D. Caya, A. Frigon and D. Paquin, 2003: Current and perturbed climate as simulated by the second-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM-II) over northwestern America. Clim Dyn. 21: 405-421

Lasch, P., M. Lindner, B. Ebert, M. Flechsig, F.-W. Gerstengarbe, F. Suckow and P.C. Werner, 1999: Regional impact analysis of climate change on natural and managed forests in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 4, 273-286

Lassen, H., W. Siefert and G. G?nnert, 2001. Windstauentwicklung in dem Tiefwasserbereich der Südöstlichen Nordsee bei Sturmflutwetterlage. Die Küste 64.

Latif, M. and T.P. Barnett, 1994: Causes of decadal variability over the North Pacific and North America. Science 266, 634-637

Latif, M., T.P. Barnett, M.A. Cane, M. Flügel, N.E. Graham, H. von Storch, J.S. Xu and S.E. Zebiak, 1994: A review of ENSO prediction studies. Climate Dyn. 9, 167-179

Latif, M., J. Biercamp, H. von Storch, M.J. McPhaden, E. Kirk, 1990: Simulation of ENSO related surface wind anomalies with an atmospheric GCM forced by observed SST. J. Climate 3, 509-521

Lau, N.-C., 1988: Variability of the observed midlatitude storm tracks in relation to low-frequency changes in the circulation patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2718-2743

Laurmann, J.A, and W.L. Gates, 1977: Statistical considerations in the evaluation of climatic experiments with atmospheric general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 34: 1187-1199

Lautenschlager, M., K. Herterich, 1990: Atmospheric Response to Ice-Age Conditions - Climatology near the Earth's Surface. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 22,547-22,557

Lee, C.-T. M.-C. Wu, and S.-C. Chen, 2005: Regional Spectral Model Simulations of the Summertime Regional Climate over Taiwan and Adjacent Areas, TAO, Vol. 16, No. 2, 487-511

Lehmann, A., P. Lorenz and D. Jacob, 2004: Modelling the exceptional Baltic Sea inflow events in 2002-2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L21308, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020830

Lehner, S., J. Horstmann, W. Koch and W. Rosenthal, 1998: Mesoscale wind measurements using recalibrated ERS SAR images. J. Geophys. Res. 103, C4, 7847-7856

Lemke, P., 1977: Stochastic climate models. Part 3. Application to zonally averaged energy models. Tellus 29, 385-392

Lemke, P., 1987: A coupled one-dimensional sea ice-ocean model. J. Geophys. Res. 92 (C12), 13,164-13,172

Lemke, P., E.W. Trinkl and K. Hasselmann, 1980: Stochastic dynamic analysis of polar sea ice variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 2100-2120

Lenhart, H.J. and G. Radach, 1995: Simulations of the North Sea dynamics, its variability, and its implementation as hydrodynamical forcing in ERSEM. Netherlands J. Sea Res. 33, 271-299

Lettenmaier, D.: Stochastic Modeling of precipitation with applications to climate model downscaling.In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 197-212 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Leung, L.R. and S.J. Glahn, 1999: Pacific Northwest climate sensitivity simulated by a regional climate model driven by a GCM. Part I: Control simulations. J. Climate 12, 2010-2030

Leung, L.R. and S.J. Glahn, 1999: Pacific Northwest climate sensitivity simulated by a regional climate model driven by a GCM. Part II: 2 x CO₂ simulations. J. Climate 12, 2031-2053

Leung, L.R., Y. Qian and S.J. Glahn, 2003: Hydroclimate of the Western United States based on observations and regional climate simulation of 1981-2000. Part I: Seasonal statistics. J. Climate 16, 1912-1928

Leung, L.R., Y. Qian, X. Bian and A. Hunt, 2003: Hydroclimate of the Western United States based on observations and regional climate simulation of 1981-2000. Part II: Mesoscale ENSO anomalies. J. Climate 16, 1892-1911

Li X., and D. Sailor, 2000: Application of tree-structured regression for regional precipitation prediction using general circulation model output. Clim. Res. 16: 17-30

Li, D., 2017: Added value of high-resolution regional climate model: selected cases over the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea areas. Int. J. Climatol., 37 (1)doi: 10.1002/joc.4695.

Li D., B. Geyer, and P. Bisling, 2016: A model-based climatology analysis of wind power resources at 100-m height over the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Applied Energy 179, 575?589

Lighthill, J., G. Holland, W. Gray, C. Landsea, G. Craig, J. Evans, Y. Kurihara and C. Huard, 1994: Global climate change and tropical cyclones. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 75, 2147-2157

Lightman, A. and O. Gingerich, 1991: When do anomalies begin? Science 255, 690-695

Lindeboom, H., W. van Raaphorst, J. Beukema, G. Cadee and C. Swennen, 1994: (Sudden) Changes in the North Sea and Wadden Sea: Oceanic influences underestimated? Dtsche. Hydr. Z. Supplement 2, 87-100

Lindzen, R.S., 1996: Science and politics. Global Warming and eugenics. In R.W. Hahn (Ed.): Risks, costs and lives saved. Oxford University Press, 85-103

Lin, J. W.-B., and J. D. Neelin, 2000: Influence of a stochastic moist convective parameterization on tropical climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 27, No. 22, pp. 3691-3694

Lin, J. W.-B., and J. D. Neelin, 2002: Considerations for stochastic convective parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 959-975.

Lin, J. W.-B., and J. D. Neelin, 2002: Toward stochastic deep convective parameterization in general circulation models. Submitted for publication in Geophys. Res. Lett.

Lindenberg, J., H.-T. Mengelkamp, and G. Rosenhagen, 2012: Representativity of near surface wind measurements from coastal stations at the German Bight. Meteor. Z. 21: 99 - 106. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0131

Lins, H.F., and J.R. Slack, 1998: Streamflow trends in the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 227-230

Lionello, P., P. Malguzzi and A. Buzzi, 1998: Coupling between atmospheric circulation and ocean wave field. An idealized case. J. Phys. Oceano. 28, 161-177

Lionello, P., A. Nizzero and E. Elvini, 2002: Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: the present and the doubled CO2 climate scenarios. Clim. Res. 22:147-159

Lionello P, Nizzero A, Elvini E, 2003: A procedure for estimating wind waves and storm-surge climate scenarios in a regional basin: the Adriatic Sea case. CR 23:217-231

Liu, P., A. P. Tsimpidi, Y. Hu, B. Stone, A. G. Russell, and A. Nenes, 2012: Differences between downscaling with spectral and grid nudging using WRF. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3601?3610, 2012

Liu, W. T., W. Tang, and X. Xie (2008), Wind power distribution over the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L13808, doi:10.1029/2008GL034172.

Livezey, R. E., 1987: Caveat emptor! The evaluation of skill in climate predictions. Toward Understanding Climate Change. The J.O. Fletcher Lectures on Problems and Prospects of Climate Analysis and Forecasting. Editor U. Radok, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 149-178

Livezey, R.E., 1995: Field intercomparisons. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 159-176 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Livezey, R.E., 1995: The evaluation of forecasts. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 177-196 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Livezey, R. E. and W. Y. Chen, 1983: Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 46-59

Livingstone, D.N., 1991: The moral discourse of climate: historical considerations on race, place and virtue. J. Hist. Geography 17, 413-434

Ljungemyr, P., N. Gustafsson and A. Omstedt, 1996: Parameterization of lake thermodynamics in a high resolution weather forecasting model. Tellus 48A: 608-621

Lo, J. C.-F., Z.-L. Yang, and R. A. Pielke Sr. (2008), Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D09112, doi:10.1029/2007JD009216

Lobinski, R., C. Witte, F.C. Adams, P.L. Teissedre, J.C. Cadanis, C.F. Boutron, 1994: Organolead in wine. Nature 370, 24

Lohmann, U., R. Sausen, L. Bengtsson, U. Cubasch, J. Perlwitz and E. Roeckner, 1993: The Köppen climate classification as a diagnostic tool for general circulation models. Clim. Res. 3, 177-193

Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, 1995: Influence of cirrus cloud radiative forcing on climate and climate variability in a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 100 D, 16305-16323

Lomborg, B., 1998: Verdens sande tilstand. Centrum, ISBN 87-583-1114 9, 322pp

Lorenz, E.N., 1956: Empirical orthogonal functions and statistical weather prediction, Statistical Forecast Project Report 1, Dept. of Meteor., MIT, 49 pp

Lorenz, E.N., 1967: The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere. World Meteorological Oraginzation, 161 pp

Lorenz, E. N., 1963: Deterministic nonperiodic flow. J. Atmos. Sci. 20, 130-141

Lorenzoni, I., and N.F. Pidgeon, 2006: Public views on climate change: European and USA perspectives. Climatic Change 77, 73?95.

Lough, J.M., 1986: Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures and rainfall variations in Subsaharan Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 561-570

Lowe, J.A., and J.M. Gregory, 2005: The effects of climate change on storm surges around the United Kingdom. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 363: 1313-1328. DOI:10.1098/rsta.2005.1570

Luterbacher, J., and 33 others, 2000: Monthly mean pressure reconstruction for the late Maunder Minimum period (AD 1675-1715). Int. J. Climatol. 20: 1049-1066

Luterbacher, J., R. Rickli, E. Xoplaki, C. Tinguely, C. Beck, C. Pfister and H. Wanner, 2001: The late Maunder Minimum (1675-1715) - a key period for studying decadal scale climatic change in Europe. Climatic Change 49: 441-462.

Luterbacher, J., 2001: The late Maunder Minimum /1675-1715) - climax of the 'Little Ice Age' in Europe. In: Jones PD, Ogilvie AEJ, Davies TD, Briffa K (eds) History and Climate: Memories of the Future? Kluwer Academic Press, New York, Boston, London, 29-54.

Luterbacher J, Schmutz C, Gyalistras D, Xoplaki E, Wanner H (1999) Reconstruction of Monthly NAO and EU Indices back to AD 1675. Geophys Res Lett 26: 2745-2748

Luterbacher, J., E. Xoplaki, D. Dietrich, R. Rickli, J. Jacobeit, C. Beck, D. Gyalistras, C. Schmutz and H. Wanner, 2002: Reconstruction of sea level pressure fields over the Eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500, Clim. Dyn. 18: 545?561 (DOI 10.1007/s00382-001-0196-6)

Lunkeit, F., M. Ponater, R. Sausen, M. Sogalla, U. Ulbrich and M. Windelband, 1996: Cyclonic activity in a warmer climate. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph. 69, 393-407

Lunkeit, F., R. Sausen and J. Oberhuber, 1996: Climate simulations with the global coupled atmosphere-ocean model ECHAM2/OPYC. Climate Dyn. 12, 195-212

Lynch, A. H., W. L. Chapman, J.E. Walsh and G. Weller, 1995: Development of a regional climate model of the Western Artic. J. Climate 8, 1555-1570

Lynch, A. H., J.A. Maslanik, W. Wu, 2001: Mechanism in the development of anomalous sea ice extent in the Western Artic: A case study. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted)

Lynch, A. H., S. McIlwaine, J. Beringer and G.B. Bonan, 2001: An investigation of the sensitivity of a land surface model to climate change using a reduced form model. Clim. Dyn. 17: 643-652

Lynn, B.H., D. Rind and R. Avissar, 1995: The importance of mesoscale circulations generated by subgrid-scale landscale heterogeneities in general circulation models. J. Climate 8, 191 - 205

Lysgård, L., 1967: The variation of the temperature, C^o, and precipitation, mm, in Copenhagen. Technical report, Meteorologisk Institut, København, 12pp.

Ma Y., Yi Y., X. Mai, C. Qiu, X. Long, and C. Wang, 2016: Comparison of Analysis and Spectral Nudging Techniques for Dynamical Downscaling with the WRF Model over China. Advances in Meteorology 2-3:1-16

Macnaghten, P., and J. Urry, 1998: Contested Natures. Sage Publications, ondong, Thousand Oaks, New Dehli, 307 pp.

Madden, R.A. and P.R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 702-708

Madden, R.A. and H. Lejenäs, 1989: Flow at 500 mb associated with a measure of persistence over Western Europe. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 2843-2854

Madden, R.A. and V. Ramanathan, 1980: Detecting climate change due to increasing carbon dioxide. Science 209, 763-768

Maier-Reimer, E. and K. Hasselmann, 1987: Transport and storage of CO₂ in the ocean - an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model. Clim. Dyn. 2, 63-90

Maier-Reimer, E. and U. Mikolajewicz, 1989: Experiments with an OGCM on the cause of the Younger Dryas. In A. Ayala-Castanares, W. Wooster, A. Yánes-Arancibia (eds) Oceanography 1988. UNAM Press México DF, 87-100

Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and T.Crowley, 1990: Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiments with an open Central America isthmus. Paleooceanography 5, 349-366

Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz and K. Hasselmann, 1993: Mean circulation of the Hamburg LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the thermohaline surface forcing. J. Phys. Oceano. 23, 731-757

Manabe, S. and K. Bryan, 1969: Climate calculations with a combined ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 786-789

Veronica Manara, V., M. Brunetti, A. Celozzi, M. Maugeri, A. Sanchez-Lorenzo, and Martin Wild, 2016: Detection of dimming/brightening in Italy from homogenized all-sky and clear-sky surface solar radiation records and underlying causes (1959?2013). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11145?11161, 2016, doi:10.5194/acp-16-11145-2016

Manley, G. 1974: Central England temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 100, 389-405

Mann, M.E., K.A. Emanuel, G.J. Holland, and P. J. Webster, 2007: Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Revisited. EOS 88, 349-350

Mann, M., Ammann, C.M., Bradley,R.S., Briffa, K.R., Crowley, T.J., Jones, P.D., Oppenheimer, M. Osborn, T.J., Overpeck, J.T., Rutherford, S., Trenberth, K.E. , Wigley, T.M.L., 2003: On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th warmth. EOS, vol 84, No. 27, 256

Mann, M., R.S. Bradley and M. K. Hughes, 1998: Global-scale temperature patters and climate forcing over the past centuries. Nature 392: 779-789

Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S., and M.K. Hughes, 1999: Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 759-762

Mann, M. E. and Jones, P. D., 2003: Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, art. no. 1820

Mann, H.B., 1945: Non-parametric test against trend. Econometrica 13, 245-259

Markham, S.F., 1947: Climate and the Energy of Nations. Oxford University Press (London, New York, Toronto) (2nd American edition) 240 pp

Mao J., A. Ribes2., Yan B., Shi X., P. E. Thornton, R. S?f?rian, P. Ciais, R.B. Myneni, H. Douville, Piao S., Zhu Z., R. E. Dickinson, Dai Y., D. M. Ricciuto, Jin, M., F. M. Hoffman, Wang B., Huang M., and Xu L, 2016: Human-induced greening of the northern extratropical land surface.nature climate change 6, 959-963, DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE3056

Maraun, D., and M. Widmann, 2018: Statistical Downscaling and Bias Correction for Climate Research. Cambridge University Press, 360 pp, 9781107066052

Martín-Vide, J. and M. Barriendos Vallvé, 1995: The use of rogation ceremony records in climatic reconstruction: a case study from Catalonia (Spain). Climatic Change 30: 201-221

Martin, G.J., 1973: Ellsworth Huntington. His Life and Thought. The Shoe String Press Inc., Hamden, Connecticut 06154, USA. ISBN 0-208-01347-4, 315pp

Martin. G.J., 1974: "Civilisation and Climate" revisited. Geography and Map Division, Special Libraries Association Bulletin 96, 10-17

Matulla C., N. Groll, H. Kromp-Kolb, H. Scheifinger, M.J. Lexer, M. Widmann, 2002: Climate change scenarios at Austrian National Forest Inventory site. Clim. Res. 22:161-173

Masood, E., 1995: Temperature rises in dispute over costing climate climate change. Nature 378, 429

Matthews, W.H., W.W. Kellog and G.D. Robinson (Eds.), 1971: Man's Impact on the Climate. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England. 594 pp. ISBN 0-262 13075-0

Maunder, E. W.: 1922, The prolonged sunspot minimum 1675-1715, Brit. Astron. Ass. J. 32, 140-145.

Maxeiner, D. and M. Miersch, 1998: Lexikon der Ökoirrtümer. Eichborn Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, ISBN 3-8218-0586-2, 415 pp.

May, W., 1999: A time-slice experiment with the ECAHM4 A-GCM at high resolution: The experimental design and the assessment of climate change as compared to a greenhouse gas experiment with ECHAM4/OPYC at low resolution. Danish Meteorological Institute Scientific Report 99-2. ISBN 87-7478-389-0, 93 pp

May W., 2001: Impact of horizontal resolution on the simulation of seasonal climate in the Atlantic/European area for present and future times. CR 16:203-223

Mazur, A., 1998: Global environmental change in the news. Intern. Sociol. 13: 457-472

McCright, A.M., and R.E. Dunlap, 2000: Challenging global warming as a social problem: An analysis of the conservative movement's counter claims. Social Problems 47, 499-522.

McGranahan, G., Balk, D. and Anderson, B., 2007: The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanisation, 19, 17-37.

McGuffie, K., and A. Henderson-Sellers, 1997: A climate modelling primer. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, Great Britain, 253 pp, ISBN 0-471-95558-2

McIntyre, M., and R. McKitrick, 2005: Hockey sticks, principal components and spurious significance. Geoph Res. Letters 32, L03710, doi:10.1029/2004GL021750, 1-5

McPhaden, M. and X. Yu, 1999: Equatorial waves and the 1997-98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2961-2964

Mearns, L.O., F. Giorgi, M. McDaniel and C. Shields, 1995: Analysis of daily variability of precipitation in a nested regional climate model: comparison with observations and doubled CO_2 results. Global Planet. Change 10, 55-78

Mearns, L.O., F. Giorgi, M. McDaniel and C. Shields, 1995: Analysis of variability and dirurnal range of daily temperature in a nested regional climate model: comparison with observations and doubled CO_2 results. Clim. Dyn. 11, 193-209

Meggers, B.J., 1954: Environmental limitation of the development of Culture. American Anthropologist 56, 801-824

Meier, D., 2008: Schleswig-Holsteins K?sten im Wandel ? von der Eiszeit zur globalen Klimaerw?rmung. Boyens, Heide.

Meier, H.E.M., J. Andr?asson, B. Broman, L.P. Graham, E. Kjellstr?m, G. Persson, and M. Viehhauser, 2006: Climate change scenario simulations of wind, sea level, and river discharge in the Baltic Sea and Lake M?laren region ? a dynamical downscaling approach from global to local scales. Reports Meteorology and Climatology 109, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrk?ping, Sweden, 52 pp.

Mengelkamp, H.-T., 1999: Wind climate simulation over complex terrain and wind turbine energy output estimation. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 63, 129-139

Mengelkamp, H.-T., H. Kapitza and U. Pflüger, 1997: Statistical-dynamical downscaling of wind climatologies. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 67/68, 449-457

Menzel, A, 1997: Phänologie von Waldbäumen und sich ändernden Klimabedingungen - Auswertung der Beobachtungen in den Internationalen Ph;aum;nologischen Gärten und Möglichkeiten der Modellierung von Phänodaten. Forstliche Forschungsberichte München, 164/1997 (ISSN 0174-1810)

Merton, R. K., 1973: The Normative Structure of Science, in N.W. Storer (ed.), The Sociology of Science (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press): 267-273

Meyer, E.M.I., T. Pohlmann, R. Weisse, 2011. Thermodynamic variability and change in the North Sea (1948-2007) derived from a multidecadal hindcast. Journal of Marine Systems 86, 35-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.02.001

Meyers, S.D., B.G. Kelly and J.J. O`Brien. 1993: An introduction to wavelet analysis in oceanography and meteorology: With applications for the dispersion of Yanai waves. Mon. Wea. Rev. 121, 2858-2866

Michaels, P.J., and R.C. Balling, Jr., 2000: The Satanic Gases. Cato Institute, Washington D.C, ISBN 1-882577-92-2, 234 pp.

Michaelson, J., 1987: Cross-validation in statistical climate forecast models. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 26, 1589-160

Micklin, P.P., 1981: A preliminary system analysis of impacts of proposed Soviet river diversions on Artic sea ice. EOS 62, 489-493

Miguez-Macho, G., G.L. Stenchikov, and A. Robock, 2004: Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain position and geometry in regional climate model simulations. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 109, No. D13, D13104, 10.1029/2003JD004495

Mikolajewicz, U. and E. Maier-Reimer, 1990: Internal secular variability in an OGCM. Climate Dyn. 4, 145-156

Mikolajewicz, U. and E. Maier-Reimer, 1994: `Mixed Boundary Conditions' in OGCMs and their influence on the stability of the model's Conveyor Belt. J. Geophys. Res. 99, C11, 22633-22644

Mikolajewicz, U. E. Maier-Reimer and T. Barnett, 1993: Acoustic detection of greenhouse-induced climate changes in the presence of slow fluctuations of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1099-1109

Mikolajewicz, U., B. Santer and E. Maier-Reimer, 1990: Ocean response to greenhouse warming. Nature 345, 589-593

Min, S.-K., S. Legutke, A. Hense, and W.-T. Kwon, 2005a: Internal variability in a 1000-year control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G. Part I: near surface temperature, precipitation, and mean sea level pressure. Tellus, 57A, 605-621.

Min, S.-K., S. Legutke, A. Hense, and W.-T. Kwon, 2005b: Internal variability in a 1000-year control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G. Part II: ENSO and NAO. Tellus, 57A, 622-640.

Mitchell, J.F.B., N.S. Grahame, and K.J. Needham, 1988: Climate simulations for 9000 years before present: Seasonal variations and effects on the Laurentide ice sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 93:8283-8303

Mitchell J. F. B, Karoly D. J., Hegerl G.C., Zwiers F. W., Allen, M. R. and Marengo J. (2001): Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes. In: J. T. Houghton et al. (eds.) Climate Change 2000. The Third Scientific Assessment, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 695-738..

Mjelde, J.W., D.S. Peel, S.T. Sonku, and P.J. Lamb, 1993} Characteristics of climate forecast quality: Implications for economic value of midwestern corn producers. J. Climate 6, 2175-2187

Moberg, A., D. M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N. M. Datsenko and W. Karlén, 2005: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, nature 3265 - 27/1/2005, 5 pp

Molteni, F., S. Tibaldi and T. N. Palmer, 1990: Regimes in the wintertime circulation over the Northern extratropics. I: Observational evidence. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 116, 31-67

Montoya, M., T. J., Crowley and H. von Storch, 1998: Temperatures at the last interglacial simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model. Paleooceanography 13, 170-177

Montoya, M., H. von Storch and T. J., Crowley, 2000: Climate simulation for 125,000 years ago with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. J. Climate 13:1057-107

Mooney, C., 2010: Do Scientists Understand the Public?. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-87724-086-8

Morgan, M.G., and D.W. Keith, 1995: Subjective judgements by climate experts. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 468A-476A

Morgan, M.S, 1999: Learning from models. In Morgan, M.S, and M. Morrison (Eds.): Models as mediators. Perspectives on natural and social science. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521 65097 6, 347-388

Morgan, M.S, and M. Morrison (Eds.), 1999: Models as mediators. Perspectives on natural and social science. Cambridge University Press, 401 pp., ISBN 0521 65097 6

Moron, V., and A. Ullmann, 2005: Relationship between sea-level pressure and sa-level height in the Camargie (Frensch Mediterranean coast). I. J Climatol.

Morrison D.F., 1976: Multivariate statistical methods 2nd edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 415pp

Morrison, M., 1999: Models as autonomous agents. In: Morgan, M.S, and M. Morrison (Eds.): Models as mediators. Perspectives on natural and social science. Cambridge University Press, 401 pp., ISBN 0521 65097 6, 38-65

Mosimann, M., M. Breu, T.Vysusil and S. Gerber, 2002: Vom Tiger im Tank ? Die Geschichte des Bleibenzins. Gaia 11, 203-212

Mpeta, E.J. and M.R. Jury, 2001: Intra-seasonal convective structure and evolution over tropical East Africa. Clim. Res. 17: 83-92

Mudelsee, M., M. Börngen, G. Tetzlaff, and U. Grünewald, 2003: No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe, nature 452, 166-169

Mudge, F.B., 1997: The development of the 'greenhouse' theory of global climate change from Victorian times. Weather 52, 13-16

Müller, B., 2004: Eine regionale Klimasimulation für Europa zur Zeit des späten Maunder Minimums 1675-1710, GKSS Report 2004/2

Müller, M., H. Haak, J.Jungclaus, J. Sündermann and M. Thomas (2010). The effect of ocean tides on a climate model simulation, Ocean Modelling 35, 304-313.

Müller, P. and C. Frankignoul, 1981: Direct atmospheric forcing of geostrophic eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11, 287-308

Müller-Navarra, D., S. Güss and H. von Storch, 1997: Interannual variability of seasonal succession events in a temperate lake and its relation to temperature variability. Global Change Biology, 3, 429-438

M?ller-Navarra, S.H., I. Bork, J. Jensen, C. Koziar, C. Mudersbach, A. M?ller, und E. Rudolph 2006: Modellstudien zur Sturmflut und zum Hamburg-Orkan 1962. Hansa 143/12, 72-88.

Munk, W. and M.G. Forbes, 1989: Global ocean warming: An acoustic measure? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 1765-1778

Mohr, S., M. Kunz, and B. Geyer, 2015 Hail potential in Europe based on a regional climate model hindcast. Geophys Res. Lett., 42, 1?9, doi:10.1002/2015GL067118

Murphy A. H. and E. S. Epstein, 1989: Skill scores and correlation coefficients in model verification. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 572-581

Murphy A. H. and R. L. Winkler, 1987: A general framework for forecast v

Murphy, J.M., 1999: Predictions of climate change over Europe using statistical and dynamical downscaling techniques. Intern. J. Climatology (in press)

Mysak, L.A., D.K. Manak and R.F. Marsden, 1990: Sea-ice anomalies observed in the Greenland and Labrador seas during 1901-1984 and their relation to an interdecadal Arctic climate cycle. Climate. Dyn. 5, 111-133

Myhs, E., 1926: Wetterkunde für den Wassersport. Verlag Klasing 104 pp, 2nd edition

Namias, J., X. Yuan and D.R. Cayan, 1988: Persistence of North Pacific sea surface temperatures and atmospheric flow patterns. J. Climate 1, 682-703

Navarra, A., 1993: A new set of orthonormal modes for linearized meteorological problems. J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 2569-2583

Navarra, A., 1995: The development of climate research. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques, Springer Verlag 3-10 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Navarra, A., 1995: Teleconnection patterns. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques, Springer Verlag 217-230 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Navarra, A., and K. Miyakoda, 1988: Anomaly General Circulation Models, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1509-1530

NDU, 1978: Climate Change to the Year 2000. National Defense University, Washington D.C.

Negendank, J.F.W., Zolitschka, B., Rein, B., Brauer, A., Brüchmann, C., Sanchez, A., and Vos, H., 1999, Varves and solar variability (Lake Holzmaar, Eifel, Germany).: Bulletin de la Soci?t? belge de G?ologie, T. 106, p. 53-61.

Neu, H.J.A., 1984: Interannual variations and longer-term changes in the sea state of the North Atlantic from 1970 to 1982. J.Geophysical Res. 89 (C4), 6397-6402

Nicholls, R.J., and F.M.J. Hoozemans, 2000: Global vulnerability analysis. In. M. Schwartz (ed.): Encycopledia of Coastal Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Niemeyer, H.D., H. Eiben, and H. Rohde, 1996: History and Heritage of German Coastal Engineering, in N.C. Kraus (ed): History and Heritage of Coastal Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 45pp

Nisbet, M.C., and T. Myers, T., 2007: The polls trends: Twenty years of public opinion about global warming. Public Opinion Quarterly 71, 444?470.

Nitsche, G., J.M. Wallace and C. Kooperberg, 1994: Is there evidence of multiple equilibria in the planetary-wave amplitude? J. Atmos. Sci.51, 314-322

Nordhaus, W.D., 1991: To slow or not to slow: the economy of the greenhouse effect. Econ. J. 101, 920-937

Nordhaus, W.D., 1994: The ghosts of climate past and the specters o climate future. In: Nakicenovic, Nordhaus, Richels, Toth (Ed.): Integrative Assessment of Mitigation, Impact and Adaptation to Climate Change. IIASA, May 1994, 35-62

North, G.R., 1984: Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Normal Modes. J. Atmos. Sci.41, 879-887

North, G.R., T.L. Bell, R.F. Cahalan and F.J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions, Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 699-706

Ocana, V., 1999: The influence of natural climate variability and uncertainty in the design of optimal greenhouse gas emission policies. Dissertation, University of Hamburg.

Oerlemans, J., 1982: A Model of The Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature, 297, 550-553

Ohmura, A., M. Wild, L. Bengtsson, 1996: A possible change in mass balance of Greenland and Antarctic Ice sheets in the coming century. J. Climate 9, 2124-2135

Olesen, J. E., and M. bindi, 2002: Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy. Europ. J. Agronomy 16: 239-262

Omrani, H., , P. Drobinski and T. Dubos, 2009: Spectral nudging in regional climate modeling: how strong should we nudge?. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.: 1?6, DOI: 10.1002/qj.000

Omstedt, A., 1994: Freezing estuaries and semi-enclosed basins. Physics of Ice-covered Seas 2: 483-516

Omstedt, A., 1999: Forecasting ice on lakes, estuaries and shelf seas. In: J.S. Wettlaufer, J.G. Dash and N. Untersteiner (Eds): Ice Physics and the Natural Environment, NATO ASI Series I 56, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 185-207

Omstedt, A. and D. Chen, 2001: Influence of atmospheric circulation on interannual variation of maximum ice extent in the Baltic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 106, C3: 4493-4500

Omstedt, A., B. Gustafsson, J. Rodhe and G. Walin, 1999: Use of Baltic Sea modelling to investigate the water and heat cycles in GCM and regional climate models. Clim. Res. 15: 95-108

Omstedt, A. and L. Meuller, 1997: Interannual, seasonal and regional variations of precipitation and evaporation over the Baltic Sea. Ambio 26, 484-492

Omstedt, A. and L. Nyberg, 1996: Response of Baltic Sea ice to seasonal, interannual forcing and climate change. Tellus 48A, 644-622

Omstedt, A., C. Pettersen, J. Rodhe and P. Winsor, 2004: Baltic Sea climate: 200 yr data on air temperature, sea level variation, ice cover, and atmospheric circulation. Clim. Res. 25, 205-216

Opsteegh, J.D. R.J. Haarsma, F.M. Selten and A. Kattenberg, 1998: ECBILT: a dynamic alternative to mixed boundary conditions in ocean models. Tellus 50A: 348-367

Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette and K. Beltz,1994: Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in earth sciences. Science 263, 641-646

Oreskes, N. 2004: Science and public policy: What's proof got to do with it?, Environmental Science & Policy 7, 369-383

Ortiz Bévia, M. and A. Ruiz de Elvira, 1985: A cyclostationary model of sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. Tellus 37, 14-23

Osborn, T.J., 1997: Areal and point precipitation intensity changes: Implications for the application of climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2829-2832

Osborn, T.J., D. Conway, M. Hulme, J.M. Gregory, and P. D. Jones, 1999: Air flow influences on local climate: observed and simulated mean relationships for the United Kingdom. Climate Research 13: 173?191, 1999

Osborn, T.J., S.C.B. Raper and K. R. Briffa, 2006: Simulated climate change during the last 1,000 years: comparing the ECHO-G general circulation model with the MAGICC simple climate model. Climate Dynamics DOI 10.1007/s00382-006-0129-5

Paciorek, C.J., J.S. Risbey, V. Ventura and R.D. Rosen, 2002: Miltiple indices of Northern Hemisphere cyclone activity, winters 1949-99. J. Climate 15: 1573-1590

Pacyna, J. M. and E. G.Pacyna, 2000: Atmospheric emisssions of anthropogenic lead in Europe: improvements, updates, historical data and projections. GKSS Report 2000/3

Palmer, T.N., 1986: Influence of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans on Sahel rainfall. Nature 322, 251-253

Palmer, T.N. and Sun, 1985: A modelling and observational study of the relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies in the north-west Atlantic and the atmospheric general circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 111, 947-975

Palutikof, J.P., B.B. Brabson, D.H. Lister and S.T. Adcock, 1999: A review of methods to calculate extreme wind speeds. Meteor. Appl. 6: 119-132

Pan, Z., M. Segal, R.W. Arritt, T.-C. Chen and S.-P. Weng, 1999: A method for simulating effects of quasi-stationary wave anomalies on regional climate. J. Climate 12: 1336-1343

Panel on Statistics and Oceanography, 1994: Report on Statistics and Physical Oceanography. Statistical Science 9, 167-221

Park, J., Hwang, S.-O., 2017: Impacts of spectral nudging on the simulated surface air temperature in summer compared with the selection of shortwave radiation and land surface model physics parameterization in a high-resolution regional atmospheric model, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2017.09.001.

Pätsch, J. and G. Radach, 1997: Long-term simulation of the eutrophication of the North Sea: temporal development of nutrients, chlorophyll and primary production in comparison to observations. J. Sea Res. 38, 275-310

Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer, 710pp.

Peixoto, J.P. und A.H. Oort, 1992: Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics. 520 pp.

Penduff, T G. Sérazin, S. Leroux, S. Close, J.-M. Molines, B. Barnier, L. Bessières, L. Terray, and G. Maze. 2018. Chaotic variability of ocean heat content: Climate-relevant features and observa-tional implications. Oceanography 31(2) , https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.210.

Pennebaker, J.W., B. Rime and V. E. Blankenship, 1996: Stereotypes of emotional expressiveness of northerners and southeners: A cross-cultural test of Montesqieu's hypothesis. J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 70, 372-380

Pennell, W., T.P. Barnett, K. Hasselmann, W.R. Holland, T. Karl, G.R. North, M.C. MacCracken, M.E. Moss, G. Pearman, E.M. Rasmusson, B.D. Santer, W.K. Smith, H. von Storch, P. Switzer, F.W. Zwiers, 1993: The detection of anthropogenic climate change. Proc. Forth Symposium on Global Change Studies, Amer. Met. Soc. Jan., 17-22, 1993, Anaheim (California), 21-28

Peters, H.-P. and H. Heinrichs, 2005: Öffentliche Kommunikation über Klimawandel und Sturmflutrisiken. Bedeutungskonstruktion durch Experten, Journalisten und Bürger. Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich, Reihe Umwelt/Environment 58, ISBN 3-89336-415-3, 221 pp

Petersen, G., 1999: Airborne Heavy Metals over Europe: Emissions, Long-Range Transport and Deposition Fluxes. GKSS 99/E/48

Petersen, W., L. Bertino, U. Callies and E. Zorita, 2001: Process identification by principal component analysis of river water quality data. Ecological Modelling 138 (2001) 193-213

Petersen,M., and H. Rohde, 1977: Sturmflut. Die grossen Fluten an den Küsten Schleswig-Holsteins und in der Elbe. Karl Wachholz Verlag, 148 pp.

Peterson, E.W. and L. Hasse, 1987: Did the Beaufort scale or the wind climate change?, J. Phys. Oceano 17, 1071 - 1074

Peterson, T.C., D.R. Easterling, T.R. Karl, P. Groisman, N. Nicholls, N. Plummer, S. Torok, I.Auer, R. Boehm, D. Gullett, L. Vincent, R. Heino, H. Tuomenvirta, O. Mestre, T. Szentimrey, J. Saliner, E. Førland, I. Hanssen-Bauer, H. Alexandersson, P. Jones and D. Parker, 1998: Homogeneity adjustments of in situ atmospheric climate data: A review. Intern. J. Climatol. 18: 1493-1517

Pettersson, O., 1914: Climatic variations in historic and prehistoric times. Svenska Hydrografisk-Biologiska Kommissionens skrifter V, 1 - 26

Petterssen, S., 1957: Weather observations, analysis and forecasting. Meteorological Monographs, 3. 114-151

Pettit, A.N., 1979: A non-parametric approach to the chnage point problem. App. Statist. 26-135

Petzelberger, B.E.M., 2000: Coastal development and human activities in NW Germany. In Pye, K. and J.R.L. Allen (eds): Coastal and Estuarine environments: sedimentology, geomorphology and geoarchaeology, Geological Society, London., Special publication, 175, 365-376

Pfister, C., 1975: Agrarkonjunktur und Witterungsverlauf im westlichen Schweizer Mittelland 1755-1797. Beiheft 2 zum Jahrbuch der Geographischen Gesellchaft von Bern. Lang Druck AG Liebefeld/Bern

Pfister, C., and D. Brändli,1999: Rodungen im Gebirge - Überschwemmungen im Vorland: Ein Deutungsmuster macht Karriere. In R.P. Sieferle and H. Greunigener (Hrsg.) Natur-Bilder. Wahrnehmungen von Natur und Umwelt in der Geschichte Campus Verlag Frankfurt/ New York, ISBN 3-593-36327-5, 371 pp, 9-18

Pfister, C., J. Luterbacher, G. Schwarz-Zanetti and M. Wegmann, 1998: Winter air temperature variations in western Europe during the early and High midddle ages (AD 750-1300). Holocene 8, 535-552

Pfister, C.,1999: Wetternachhersage. 500 Jahre Klimavariationen und Naturkatastrophen 1496-1995. Haupt, Bern Stuttgart Wien, pp 304

Pfister, C., E. Garnier, M.-J. Alcoforado, D. Wheeler , J. Luterbacher , M.F. Nunes; J.P. Taborda, 2010: The meteorological framework and the cultural memory of three severe winter-storms in early eighteenth-century Europe. Clim. Change

Pfizenmayer, A., 2002: Ein stochastischer Wellengenerator zur Simulation der dreistündigen lokalen Wellenhöhen und -richtungen in der Nordsee konditioniert auf das grossskalige Bodenluftdruckfeld und die CO2 Konzentration. (Analyse des simulierten und zukünftigen Seegangsklimas und daraus abgeleitete mögliche sozio-ökonomische Folgen). PhD Thesis, Hamburg University, 78 pp

Pfizenmayer, A. and H. von Storch, 2001: Anthropogenic climate change shown by local wave conditions in the North Sea. Climate Res. 19, 15-23

Philander, S.G., 1990: El Niño, La Niña and the Southern Oscillation. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 46, Academic Press, San Diego, London, pp293.

Philander, S.G., 1998: Is the temperature rising? The uncertain science of global warming. Princeton University Press, 258 pp.

Pielke, R.A., sen., 1991: A recommended specific definition of "resolution". Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 72, 1914

Pielke, Jr., R.A., Gratz, J., Landsea, C.W., Collins, D., Saunders, M., and Musulin, R., 2008. Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1900-2005. Natural Hazards Review , 9: 29-42

Pielke, R., jr, 2004: What is climate Change?, Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 2004, 1-4

Pielke, R., jr, 2004: When scientists politicize science: Making sense of the controversy over The Skeptical Environmentalist, Environmental Science & Policy 7, 405-417

Pielke, R., jr,, 1998: Rethinking the role of adaptation in climate policy. Global Environmental Change 8: 159-170

Pielke, R., jr, 1999: Nine fallacies on floods. Climatic Change 42: 413-438.

Pielke, R., jr., and R. Byerly, 1998: Beyond basic and applied. Physics Today, February 1998, 42-48

Pielke, R., jr., and M.W. Downton, 1999: U.S. trends in streamflow and precipitation: Using societal impact data to assess an apparent paradox. Bull. Amer. met. Soc. 80: 1435-1436

Pielke, R., jr., and C.N. Landsea, 1999: La Niña, El Niño, and Atlantic Hurricane damages in the United States. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 80, 2027-2033

Pielke, R., jr. and D. Sarewitz, 2002: Wanted: scientific leadership on climate. Issues in Science and Technology, Winter 2002-03, 27-30

Pierer Universallexikon, 1877: Neuestes enzyklopädisches Wörterbuch aller Wissenschaften, Künste und Gewerbe. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Ad. Spaarmann, Oberhausen und Leipzig.

Platonov, P., A. Kislov, G. Rivin, M. Varentsov, I.Rozinkina, M. Nikitin, and M. Chumakov, 2017: Mesoscale atmospheric modelling technology as a tool for creating a long-term meteorological dataset. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 96, doi :10.1088/1755-1315/96/1/012004

Plaut, G. and E. Simonnet, 2001: Large scale circulation classification, weather regimes, and local climate over France, the Alps and Westerns Europe. Clim. Res. 17:303-324

Plaut, G. and R. Vautard, 1994: Spells of low-frequency oscillations and weather regimes over the Northern hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 210-236

Plüss, A., 2005: Küstenschutz in Hamburg. Nichtlineare Wechselwirkung der Tide auf Änderungen des Meeresspiegels im Übergangsbereich Küste/Ästuar am Beispiel der Elbe. In Gönnert, G., H. Grassl, D. Kelletat, H. Kunz, B. Probst, H von Storch and J. Sündermann (Eds): Klimaänderung und Küstenschutz", 129-138

Plumb, R.A. and A.D. McEwan, 1978: The instability of a forced standing wave in a viscious stratified fluid: a laboratory analogue of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1827 - 1839

Podzun, R., A. Cress, D. Majewski, and V. Renner, 1995: Simulation of European climate with a Limited Area Model. Part II: AGCM boundary conditions. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 68: 205-225

Pohlmann, T., 1987: A three dimensional circulation model of the South China Sea. In J.C.J. Nihoul and B.M. Jamart (Editors): Three-Dimensional Models of Marine and Estuarine Dynamics, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, p.245-268

Pohlmann, T., 1996: Predicting the thermocline in a circulation model of the North Sea. Part I: model description, calibration and verification. - Cont. Shelf Res. 16, 131-146

Pohlmann, T., 1996: Calculating the annual cycle of the vertical eddy viscosity in the North Sea with a three-dimensional baroclinic shelf sea circulation model. - Cont. Shelf Res. 16, 147 - 161

Pohlmann, T., 1996: Calculating the development of the thermal vertical stratification in the North Sea with a three-dimensional baroclinic circulation model. - Cont. Shelf Res. 16, 163-194

Pohlmann, T., 1996: Simulating the heat storage in the North Sea with a three-dimensional circulation model. - Cont. Shelf Res. 16, 195-213

Ponte, L., 1976: The Cooling. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs., NY, ISBN 0-13-172312-X, 306 pp

Preisendorfer, R.W., 1988: Principal Component Analysis in Meteorology and Oceanography. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 426 pp.

Preisendorfer, R. W. and T. P. Barnett, 1983: Numerical model reality intercomparison tests using small-sample statistics. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1884-1896

Preisendorfer, R.W. and J.E. Overland, 1982: A significance test for principal components applied to a cyclone climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 1-4

Preisendorfer, F.W. Zwiers and T.P. Barnett, 1981: Fondation of principal component selection rules. SIO Ref. Ser. 81-4, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 192 pp.

Prins, G., and S. Rayner, 2007: The wrong trousers. Radically rethinking climate policy. James Martin Institute for Science and Civilisation, Oxford, 37 pp

Pruszak, Z., and E. Zawadzka, 2005: Vulnerability of Poland's coast to sea level rise. Coastal Eng. J. 47, 131-155

Pryor, S.C., J.T. Schoof, and R.J. Barthelmie, 2006: Winds of change? Projections of near-surface winds under climate change scenarios. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33:L11702, doi:10.1029/2006/GL026000

Puls, W., T. Pohlmann and H. Sündermann, 1997: Suspended particulate matter in the southern North Sea: Application of a numerical model to extend NERC North Sea Project data interpretation. Dtsche. Hydrogr. Z. 49, 307-327

Qian, Y. and F. Giorgi, 2000: Regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols? The case of Southwestern China. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3521-3524

Qian, Y., F. Giorgi, Y. Huang, W. Chameides and C. Luo, 2001: Regional simulation of anthropogenic sulfur over East Asia and its sensitivity to model paramters. Tellus 53B, 171-191

Qian, Y., L.R. Leung, S.J. Gahn and F. Giorgi, 2003: Regional climate effects of aerosols over China: Modeling and observations. tellus 55B, 914-934

Radach, G. and H.J. Lenhart, 1995: Nutrient dynamics in the North Sea: fluxes and budgets in the water column derived from ERSEM. Netherlands J. Sea Res. 33, 301-335

Radach, G. and A. Moll, 1993: Estimation of the variability of production by simulating annual cycles of phytoplankton in the central North Sea. Prog. Oceanog. 31, 339-419

Radach, G., M. Regener. F. Carlotti, W. Kühn and A. Moll, 1993: Modelling water column processes in the North Sea. Phil Trans. R. Soc. London A, 343, 509-517

Radok, U., 1988: Chance behavior of skill scores. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 489-494

Räisänen, J., U. Hansson, A. Ullerstig, R. D?scher, L.P. Graham, C. Jones, H.E.M. Meier, P. Samuelsson, U. and Willén, 2004: European climate in the late 21st century: regional simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios. Climate Dynamics, 22, 13-31

Rahmstorf, S., 1994: Rapid climate transitions in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Nature 372, 82-85

Rahmstorf, S., 1995: Multiple convection patterns and thermohaline flow in an idealised OGCM. J. Clim. 8, 3028-3039

Rahmstorf, S., 1995: Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle. Nature 378, 145-149

Rahmstorf, S., 1997: Risk of sea-change in the Atlantic. Nature 388, 825-826

Rahmstorf, S., 1998: Influence of Mediterranean outflow on climate. EOS 79, 281-282

Rahmstorf, S., 2007: A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. science 315, 368-370

Rahmstorf, S. and J. Willebrand, 1995: The role of temperature feedback in stabilising the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceano. 25, 787-805

Ramage, C.S., 1987: Secular changes in reported wind speeds over the ocean. J. Climate Appl. Meteorology 26, 525-528

Ramzan, M., S. Ham, M. Amjad, E.-C. Chang, and K. Yoshimura, 2017: Sensitivity Evaluation of Spectral Nudging Schemes in Historical Dynamical Downscaling for South Asia. Advances in Meteorology, 7560818, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7560818

Rasool, S. I.; Schneider, S. H., 1971: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of large increases on global climate. Science 173, 138-141

Ratter, B.M.W., and K. Gee, 2012: Heimat ? A German Concept Of Regional Perception And Identity As A Basis For Coastal Management In The Wadden Sea. Ocean and Coastal Management 127-137

Ratter, B.M.W., M. Lange & C. Sobiech 2009: Heimat, Umwelt und Risiko an der deutschen Nordseek?ste ? Die K?stenregion aus Sicht der Bev?lkerung. GKSS-Bericht 2009/10. GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH. ISSN 0344-9629

Ratter, B.M.W. und A.K. Possekel 2010: K?stenbilder - Was Menschen an der Nordseek?ste ?ber Heimat, Umwelt und Gefahren denken. Institut f?r K?stenforschung. GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht. ISBN 978-3-940923-04-2

Ratter, B. und N. Kruse, 2010: Die n?chste Sturmflut kommt bestimmt? Risiko und Risikobewusstsein in Hamburg in Zeiten des Klimawandels. In: B?hner, J. (Hg.): Klimawandel und Klimawirkung - Hamburger Symposium Geographie (Band 2). Institut f?r Geographie, Hamburg. (Im Druck)

Ravetz, J., 1994: Economics as an Elite Folk Science: The Suppression of Uncertainty. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 17, 165-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4538434

Ravetz, J., 2006: The no-nonsense guide to science, New Internationalist, Oxford, ISBN 10:904456-46-4, 132 pp.

Rebetez, M., 1996: Public expectation as an element of human perception of climate change. Climatic Change 32, 495-509

Redclift, M.R., 1995: Global environmental change: the contribution of social science research to policy in the UK. The Environmentalist 15. 240-245

Reichert, B.L., L. Bengtsson, Ove Åkesson, 1999: A statistical modeling approach for the simulation of local paleo proxy using GCM output. J. Geophys. Res. 104, D16: 19071-19083

Reiter, P., 2001: Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, Suppl.1, 141-161

Ren, F., G. Wu, W. Dong, X. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Ai, and W. Li, 2006: Changes in tropical cyclone precipitation over China. Geophys Res. Lett. 33, L20702, doi:10.1029/2006GL027951

Reynolds, R.W., 1978: Sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Pacific ocean. Tellus, 30, 97-103

Richman, M.B., 1986: Rotation of principal components. Int. J. Climatol. 6, 293-335

Rigg, J.B., 1961: Climatic determinism. Part I: The ancient Greeks. Weather 16: 255-260

Rigg, J.B., 1961: Climatic determinism. Part II: The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Weather 16: 298-303

Rigg, J.B., 1961: Climatic determinism. Part III: Modern times. Weather 16: 327-333

Rinke, A., and K. Dethloff, 2000: On the sensitivity of a regional Arctic climate model to initial and boundary conditions. Clim. Res. 14, 101-113.

Rinke, A., A.H. Lynch and K. Dethloff, 2000: Intercomparison of Artic regional climate simulations: Case studies of January and June 1990. J. Geophys. res. 105, D24, 29669-29683

Rippey, D., and R.W. Douglas,2004: Reconstructing regional-scale lead contamination of the atmosphere (1850-1980) in the United Kingdom and Ireland using lake sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, doi:10.1029/20004GB002305, 14 p.

Risbey, J.S., M. Kandlikar, and D.J. Karoly, 2000: A protocol to articulate and quantify uncertainties in climate change detection and attribution. Clim.Res. 16:61-78

Risbey, J.S. and P.H. Stone, 1996: A case study of the adequacy of GCM simulations for input to regional climate change assessments. J. Climate 9, 1441-1467

Robinson, A.R., P.F.J. Lermusiaux and N. Q. Sloan III, 1998: Data assimilation. In: K.H. Brink, A.R. Robinson (eds): The Global Coastal Ocean. Processes and Methods. The Sea Vol. 10. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 541-593

Robinson, P.J. and P.L. Finkelstein, 1991: The development of impact-oriented scenarios. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 4, 481-490

Rockel, B., and K. Woth, 2007: Future changes in near surface wind extremes over Europe from an ensemble of RCM simulations. Climate Change, 10.1007/s10584-006-9227-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9227-y

Roeckner,E, K.Arpe, L. Bengtsson, L. Dümenil, M. Esch, E. Kirk, F. Lunkeit, W. Ponater, B. Rockel, R. Sausen, U. Schlese, S. Schubert, M. Windelband, 1992: Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECHAM model: impact of model physics and resolution. Report 93, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany

Roeckner, E. and H. von Storch, 1980: On the efficiency of horizontal diffusion and numerical filtering in an Arakawa-type model. Atmosphere-Ocean 18, 239 - 253

Rodhe, H., and R. Charlons (Eds.), 1998: The legacy of Svante Arrhenius understanding the greenhouse effect. Royal Academy of Sciences. ISBN 91-7190-0284, 276 pp.

Roll-Hansen, N., 2005: The Lysenko Effect. The Politics of Science. Amherst, NY: Humanity Book, 335 pp

Roll-Hansen, N., 2008: Wishful Science: The Persistence of T.D. Lysenko?s Agrobiology in the Politics of Science, OSIRIS 2008, 23 : 166?188

Rosa, E.A., and T. Dietz, 1998: Climate change and society. International Sociology 13:421-455

Rosen, A. M., 1995: The social response to environmental change in Early Bronze Age Canaan. J. Anthropol. Arch. 14, 26-44

Rosenhagen, G., and I. Bork, 2009: Rekonstruktion der Sturmflutwetterlage vom 13. November 1872, K?ste 75: 51-70

Rowntree, P.R., 1972: The influence of tropical east Pacific Ocean temperatures on the atmosphere, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 98, 290-321

Rumbaugh, W.F., 1934: The effect of time of observations on mean temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev. 62, 375-376

Runebjerg, E.O., 1758 Beskrifning öfver Lajhela Socken I Österbotten?, Kunglig Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 122 f.

Ryghaug, M., and T.N. Skj?lsvold, 2010: The Global Warming of Climate Science: Climategate and the Construction of Scientific Facts, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 24, 287?307 DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2010.522411

Saaby, H.E.: Brudstykker af en dagbog holden i Grønland i aarene 1770-1778. Meddelelser om Grønland 129, Nr. 2, 1942. København C.A. Reitzels Forlag.

Salazar-Lindo, E, P. Pinelli-Salles, A. Maruy and E. Chea-Woo, 1997: El Niño and diarrhoea and dehydration in Lima, Peru. Lancet 350, 1597-1598

Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.), 2013: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Saloranta, T.M., 2001: Post-normal science and the global climate change issue. Climatic Change 50: 395-404

Sansom, J., 1998: A hidden Markov model for rainfall using break point data. J. Climate 11, 42-53

Santer BD, Taylor KE, Penner JE , Wigley TML, Cubasch U, and Jones PD, 1995: Towards the detection and attribution of an anthropogenic effect on climate. Climate Dynamics, 12: 77-100.

Sarewitz, D., and R. Pielke, jr., 1999: Prediction in science and policy. Technology in Science 21, 121-133

Sarewitz, D., and R. Pielke, jr., 2000: Breaking the Global-Warming gridlock. The Atantic Monthly, July 200, 55-64

Sasaki, H., J. Kida, T. Koide, and M. Chiba, 1995: The performance of long term integrations of a limited area model with the spectral boundary coupling method. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 73, 165-181

Sausen, R., K. Barthels and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled ocean-atmosphere models with flux correction. Cim. Dyn. 2, 154-163

Sausen, R. and U. Schumann, 1998: Estimates of the climate response to aircraft emission scenarios. Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre 95, DLR, 26 pp

Sausen, R. and R. Voss, 1996: Techniques for asynchronous and periodically synchronous coupling of atmosphere and ocean models. Part I: general strategy and application to the cyclo-stationary case. Clim. Dyn. 12: 313-323

Sch?fer, M.S., 2015. Climate Change and the Media. In: James D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol 3. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 853?859. ISBN: 9780080970868

Schär, C., C. Frei. D. Lüti and H.W. Davies, 1996: Surrogate climate-change scenarios for regional climate models. Geophys. Res. Letters 23: 669-672

Schatzmann, M., 2001: Physical modeling of flow and dispersion. In H. von Storch and G. Fl?ser (Eds.): Models in Environmental Research. Springer Verlag, 109-126

Schiesser, H.H., C. Pfister and J. Bader, 1997: Winter storms in Switzerland of the Alps 1864/65 - 1993/94. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 58, 1-19

Schiller, H. and R. Doerffer, 1999: Neural network for emulation of an inverse model - operational derivation of Case II water properties from MERIS data. Int. J. Remote Sensing 20, 1735-1746.

Schinke, H., 1992: Zum Auftreten von Zyklonen mit niedrigen Kerndrücken im atlantisch-europäischen Raum von 1930 bis 1991. Wiss. Zeitschrift der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, R. Mathematik/Naturwiss. 41, 17-28

Schmidt, A., 1999: Gewitter und Blitzableiter. Historische Deutungsmuster eines Naturphänomens und deren Umschlag in Technik. In R.P. Sieferle and H. Greunigener (Hrsg.) Natur-Bilder. Wahrnehmungen von Natur und Umwelt in der Geschichte Campus Verlag Frankfurt/ New York, ISBN 3-593-36327-5, 371 pp, 255-278

Schmidt, H., 1984: Extremverhätnisse im norddeutschen Küstenraum. promet 14, Heft 2/3, 42-44

Schmidt, H. and H. von Storch, 1993: German Bight storms analysed. Nature 365, 791

Schmith, T., 2001: Global warming signature in observed winter precipitation in Northwestern Europe? CR 17:263-274

Schmith, T., E. Kaas and T.-S. Li, 1998: Northeast Atlantic storminess 1875-1995 re-analysed. Clim. Dyn. 14, 529-536

Schmith, T., S. Johansen, and P. Thejll, 2007: Comment on ?A Semi-Empirical Approach to Projecting Future Sea-Level Rise? science 10.1126/science.1143286

Schmuck, H., 2000: ""A Act of Alah"": religious explanations for floods in Bangladesh as survival strategy. Intern. J. Mass Eemergencies and Disasters 18, 85-95

Schmuck, H., 1996: Leben mit der Flut. Lokale Wahrnehmungen und Strategien zur Bew?ltigung der Flut in Bangladesh. Sociologicus 46, 130-159

Schmutz C, D. Gyalistras, J. Luterbacher, H. Wanner H, 2001: Reconstruction of monthly 700, 500 and 300 hPa geopotential height fields in the European and Eastern North Atlantic region for the period 1901-1947. Climate Research 18:181-193

Schmutz, C. J., J. Luterbacher, D. Gyalistras, E. Xoplaki, and H. Wanner, 2000: Can we trust proxy-based NAO index reconstructions?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1135-1138.

Schneggenburger, C., H. Günther and W. Rosenthal, 1997: Shallow water wave modelling with nonlinear dissipation. Dtsche. Hydrogr. Z. 49, 431-444

Schneider, B., D. Ceburnis, R. Marks, J. Munthe, G. Petersen, M. Sofiev, 2000: Atmospheric Pb and Cd input into the Baltic Sea: a new estimate based on measurements. Marine Chemistry 71, 297-307

Schneider, S.H., 1986: Nuclear winter reappraised. Foreign Affairs 64, 981-1005

Schneider, S.H., 1996: Geoengineering: could - or should - we do it? Climatic Change 33, 291-302

Schnur, R., G. Schmitz, N. Grieger and H. von Storch, 1993: Normal modes of the atmosphere as estimated by Principal Oscillation Patterns and derived from quasigeostrophic theory. J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 2386-2400

Schnur, R., and D. Lettenmaier, 1998: A case study of statistical downscscaling in Australia using weather classification by recursive partitioning. J. Hydrol. 212-123: 362-379

Schrum, C., U. Hübner, D. Jacob and R. Podzun, 2003: A coupled atmosphere/ocean model for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Clim. Dyn. 21: 131-151

Schrum, C., Siegismund, F, St. John, M, 2003: Decadal Variations in the stratification and circulation patterns of the North Sea. Are the 90?s unusual? ICES Symposium of Hydrobiological Variability in the ICES area 1990-1999, ICES Journal of Marine , Symposia series, Vol. 219, 121-131.

Schuchardt B., und M. Schirmer (Hrsg.), 2005. Klimawandel und Kueste - Die Zukunft der Unterweserregion. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 341 Seiten.

Schulte-Rentrop, A., M.Costa-Cabral, R. Vink, 2005: Modelling the overland transport of lead deposited from the atmosphere in the elbe catchment over four decades (1958-1995), Water , Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 160, 1-4, pp.271-291

Schumann, J., 1997: Ansätze einer subjektivistischen Wertlehre und die Theorie der "inneren Güter" bei Heinrich von Storch. In: B.P. Priddat (Hrsg.): "Wert, Meinung, Bedeutung - die Tradition der subjektiven Wertlehre in der deutschen Nationalökonomie vor Menger". Metropolis Verlag, Marburg, 161-189

Schumann, U., 1997: The impact of nitrogen oxides emissions from aircraft upon the atmosphere at flight altitudes - results from the Aeronox project. Atmos. Environ. 12, 1723-1733

Schünemann, M. and H. Kühl, 1993: Experimental investigations of the erosional behaviour of naturally formed mud from the Elbe estuary and the adjacent Wadden Sea, Germany. In A. Mehta (ed): Coastal and Estuarine Studies, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, p. 314-330

Schwartz, P., 1991:The art of the long view. John Wiley & Sons, 272 pp

Schwarz, R., 1991: Klimaumschwung am Albedoübergang. Die Geowissenschaften 9, 23-26

Schwarz, R., 1973: Zur anschaulichen Erklärung der Coriolisbeschleunigung. Geographische Rundschau 25, 30-33

Schweingruber, F.H., 1988: Tree Rings: Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology. Reidel, Dordrecht, 276pp.

Sears, P.B., 1953: Climate and civilisations. In H. Shapley: Climatic Change. Evidence, Causes and Effects. Harvard Univeristy Press, Cambridge, 35-50

Selten, F.N., 1995: An efficient description of the dynamics of barotropic flow, J.Atmos.Sci. 52, 915-936

Selten, F. M., 1997: A Statistical Closure of a Low-Order Barotropic Model. J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 1085-1093

Selten, F. M., 1997: Baroclinic Empirical Orthogonal Functions as Basis Functions in an Atmospheric Model. J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 2099-2114.

Semple, Ellen Churchill, 1911. Influences of Geographic Environment, on the basis of Ratzel's system of anthropo-geography. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Semtner, A.J., 1984: The climatic response of the Artic Ocean to Soviet river diversions. Climatic Change 6, 109-130

Settekorn, W., 1994: Wort, Bild, Zahl. Konzepte und Praktiken des Weltbezugs in historischen Wetterbeschreibungen. In R. Ansorge (Ed.) "Schlaglichter der Forschung; zum 75. Jahrestag der Universität Hamburg 1994". Dietrich Reimer Verlag Berlin Hamburg, 273-303

Settekorn, W. (Hrsg), 1999: Weltbilder der Wetterberichte. Peter Lang Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, 311 pp, ISBN 3-631-33322-6

Seyferth, D., 2003: The rise and fall of tetraethyllead. 2., Organometallics 22, 5154-5178

Shackley, S., 1998: Epistemic lifestyles in climate change modelling. manuscript.

Shackley, S., J. Risbey, P. Stone and B. Wynne, 1998: Adjusting to policy expectations in climate change modelling: An interdisciplinary study of flux adjustments in coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models. Center for Global Change Science, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139-4307, Report 53, 36 pp

Shackley S, and B. Wynne, 1997: Global Warming Potentials: ambiguity or precision as an aid to policy? Clim. Res. 8, 89-106

Shindell, D.T., G.A. Schmidt, M. Mann, D. Rind and A. Maple, 2001: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum. Science 294, 2149-2152

Shotyk, W., Goodsite, M.E., Roos, F., Heinemeier, J., Rom, W., Appleby,P.G., Frei, R., Asmund, G., and Biester, H. (2002) Atmospheric Hg, Pb, and As in peat cores from Greenland and Denmark dated using the 14C ams bomb pulse technique and 210Pb: concentrations, natural and anthropogenic enrichments, and fluxes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters (revision in preparation).

Shotyk, W., Goodsite, M.E., Roos-Barraclough, F.,Givelet, N., and Knudsen, K. Millenium-scale Records of Atmospheric Mercury Deposition Revealed by Peat Bogs in The Faroe Islands. Environmental Science and Technology (in preparation)

Shotyk, W., D . Weiss, M . Heisterkamp, A.K. Cheburkin, P.G. Appleby and F.C. Adams, 2002: New peat bog record of atmospheric lead pollution in Switzerland: Pb concentrations, enrichment dactors, isotopic composition, and organolead species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36,3893-3900

Shukla, J., 1984: Predictability of time averages: Part I: Dynamical predictability of monthly means. In D.M. Burridge and E. Källen (Eds) Problems and Prospects in Long and Medium Range Weather Forecasting. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 109

Sieferle, R.P., 1999: Einleitung: Naturerfahrung und Naturkonstruktion. In R.P. Sieferle and H. Greunigener (Hrsg.) Natur-Bilder. Wahrnehmungen von Natur und Umwelt in der Geschichte Campus Verlag Frankfurt/ New York, ISBN 3-593-36327-5, 371 pp, 9-18

Sieck, K. and Jacob, D. (2016) Influence of the Boundary Forcing on the Internal Variability of a Regional Climate Model. American Journal of Climate Change, 5, 373-382. doi: 10.4236/ajcc.2016.53028.

Sievers, O., K. Fraedrich and C.C. Raible, 2000: Self-adapting analog ensemble predictions of tropical cyclone tracks. Weather and Forecasting 15, in press

Simmons, A.J. and B.J. Hoskins, 1976: Baroclinic instability on the sphere: Normal modes of the primitive and quasigeostrophic equations. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1454-1477

Singer, S.F. and J.S. Winston, 1991: IPCC Report Survey, Science and Environmental Policy Project, 1015 18th St., N.W. Suite 300, Washington D.C. 20036

Slack, P. (ed.), 1999: Environment and Historical Change. The Linacre Lectures 1998. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 196 pp

Slade, D.H., 1989: A survey of informed opinion regarding the nature and reality of a global greenhouse warming. David H. Slade Environmental Sciences, 859 Loxford Terrace, Silver Springs, Maryland 20901

Slonosky, V.C., P.D. Jones and T.D. Davies, 2000: Variability of the surface atmospheric circulation over Europe, 1774-1995. Intern. J. Climatol. 20, 1875-1897

Slonosky, V.C., P.D. Jones and T.D. Davies, 2001: Atmospheric circulation and surface temperature in Europe from the 18th century to 1995. Intern. J. Climatol. 21, 63-75

Slonosky, V.C., P.D. Jones and T.D. Davies, 2001: Instrumental pressure observations and atmospheric circulation from the 17th and 18th centuries. London and Paris. Intern. J. Climatol. 21, 285-298

Slutsky, E., 1937: The summation of random causes as the source of cyclic processes. Econometrica 5, 105 - 146

Smagorinsky, J., 1963: General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. Part I: the basic experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev. 91, 99-164

Smagorinsky, J., S. Manabe, and L. Holloway, 1965: Numerical results from a nine-level general circulation model of the atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev. 93, 727-768

Smerdon, J., 2011: Climate models as a test bed for climate reconstruction methods: pseudoproxy experiments, WIREs Clim Change 2011. doi: 10.1002/wcc.149

Smits, A., A. M. G. Klein Tank G. P. Können, 2005: Trends in storminess over the Netherlands, 1962-2002, Int. J. Climatol. 25: 1331?1344

Soares, C.D., R. Weisse, J.C. Carretero and E. Alvarez, 2002: A 40 year hindcast of wind, sea level and waves in European waters. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, Oslo, Norway, American Soc. of Mechanical Engineers, OMAE 2002-28604.

Sofiev, M., G. Petersen, O. Krüger, B. Schneider, M. Hongisto and K. Jylha, 2001: Model simulations of the atmospheric trace metals concentrations and depositions over the Baltic Sea. Atmospheric Environment 35, 1395-1409

Solomou, S., and W. Wu, 2002: Macroeconomic effects of weather shocks, 1870-1913. Clim. Res. 20, 153-166

Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M.M.B. Tignor, H. Le Roy Milller jr., and Z. Chen (eds), 2007: Climate change 2007. The physical basis. Cambridge University Press, 996 pp.

Sorokin, P., 1928: Contemporary Sociological Theories. Harper Row Publishers, New York (Reprint 1956), 783 pp

Sotillo, M.G., A. W. Ratsimandresy, J. C. Carretero, A. Bentamy, F. Valero and F. González-Rouco, 2005: A high-resolution 44-year atmospheric hindcast for the Mediterranean Basin: contribution to the regional improvement of global reanalysis, Clim. Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-005-0030-7

Sotillo MG, Ramis C, Romero R, Alonso S, Homar V, 2003: Role of orography in the spatial distribution of precipitation over the Spanish Mediterranean zone. CR 23:247-261

Souverijns, N., A. Gossart, 4 M. Demuzere, J. T. M. Lenaerts, B. Medley, I. V. Gorodetskaya, S. Vanden Broucke, and N. P. M. van Lipzig, 2019: A new Regional Climate Model for POLAR-CORDEX: Evaluation of a 30-year Hindcast with COSMO-CLM2 over Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Atmosphere 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028862

Soyfer, V. N., 1994: Lysenko and the tragedy of Soviet science, translated from the Russian by Leo Gruliow and Rebecca Gruloiw,Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 380 pp

Sparks, T., H. Heyen, O. Braslavska and E. Lehikoinen, 1999: Are European birds migrating earlier? BTO News, 223, 8-9.

Sparks, T.H. and T.J. Yates, 1997: The effect of spring temperature on the appearance dates of British butterflies 1883-1993. Ecography 20, 368-374

Spero, T., C. Nolte, M. Mallard, and J. Bowden, 2018: A Maieutic Exploration of Nudging Strategies for Regional Climate Applications using the WRF Model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0360.1, in press.

Spitzy, A., 1981: Klimazüge. CO2, Wasser und Brot. In: Kursbuch 64. 57-72

Spörer, F. W. G.: 1887, Über die Periodizität der Sonnenflecken seit dem Jahre 1618, vornehmlich in Bezug auf die heliographische Breite derselben, und Hinweis auf eine erhebliche Streuung dieser Periodizität whrend eines langen Zeitraumes. (in German) Vjschr. Astron. Ges. Leipzig 22, 323-329.

Stahle, D.W., M.K. Cleaveland, D.B. Blanton, M.D. Therrell and D.A. Gay, 1998: The Lost Colony and Jamestown droughts. Science 280, 564-567

Stahle, D.W., M.K. Cleaveland and J.G. Hehr, 1988: North Carolina climate changes reconstructed from tree rings: A.D. 372 to 1985. Science 240, 1517-1519

Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, I. Fukumori and J. Marshall, 2002: State estimation in modern oceanographic research. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Volume 83, p. 289, 294-295

Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C.N. Hill and J. Marshall, 2002: The global ocean circulation during 1992 --1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 107, C9 3118, doi:10.1029/2001JC000888

Stanev, E.V., Badewien, T.H., Freund, H., Grayek, S., Hahner, F., Meyerj?rgens, J., Ricker, M., Sch?neich-Argent, R.I., Wolff, J.-O., & Zielinski, O. (2019): Extreme westward surface drift in the North Sea: Public reports of stranded drifters and Lagrangian tracking. Continental Shelf Research, Volume 177, Pages 24-32, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2019.03.003

Steffen, W., R.A. Sanderson, P. D. Tyson, J. J?ger, P. A. Matson, B. Moore III, F. Oldfield, K. Richardson, H.-J. Schellnhuber, B. L. Turner and R. J. Wasson, 2005: Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure Springer Publisher, Global Change- The IGBP Series, 344 pp.

Stern, R.D., and R. Coe, 1984: A model fitting analysis of daily rainfall data. J. R. Statist. Soc. A 147, 1-34

Stehr, N. 1978: The norms of science revisited: social and cognitive norms. Sociological Inquiry 48: 172

Stehr, N., 1991: Praktische Erkenntnis. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag

Stehr, N., 1994: Knowledge Societies. London: Sage.

Stehr, N., 1996: The ubiquity of nature: climate and culture. J. Hist. Behavioral Sc. 32, 151-159

Stehr, N., 1997: Trust and climate. Clim. Res. 8, 163-169

Stehr, N., 1999: "Mastering" the global commons. In: H. von Storch and G. Flöser (Eds.): Anthropogenic Climate Change. Springer Verlag, 261-283, ISBN 3-540-65033-4

Stehr, N., 1999: The future of social inequality. Society, p53-58

Stehr, N., 2000: Die Zerbrechlichkeit moderner Gesellschaften. Die Stagnation der Macht und die Chancen des Individuums. Velbrück Wissenschaft, 368 pp.
in English, 2001: The Fragility of Modern Societies: Knowledge and Risks in the Information Age. London: Sage.

Stehr, N., 2004 Plädoyer f?r eine andere Klimapolitik. Warum wir weniger die Natur vor der Gesellschaft schützen sollten als die Gesellschaft vor der Natur. Berliner Republik 5?04, 50-61

Stehr, N., 2012: The knowledge of civil society. In Ortwin Renn, Andr? Reichel und Joa Bauer (eds): Civil Society for Sustainability: A Guidebook for Connecting Science and Society. Europ?ischer Hochschulverlag, 2012, Pp. 37-55

Stehr, N., 2012: An inconvenient democracy: knowledge and climate change. Social Sci. Publ. Pol. DOI 10.1007/s12115-012-9610-4

Stehr, N., and R. Grundmann, 2012: How does knowledge relate to political action? Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25:1, 29-44

Stehr, N., and A. Ruser, 2016: Social scientists as technicians, advisors and meaning producers. Innovation: The European JOurnal of Social Science Research. doi 10.1080/13511610.2016.1207505

Stehr, N. and H. von Storch, 1994: Climate change, the social construct of climate and climate policy. Proc. Fifth Symposium on Global Change Studies, Nashville, Tennesee, 23-28 Januar 1994, 118-125

Stehr, N. and H. von Storch, 1995: The social construct of climate and climate change. Clim. Res. 5, 99-105

Stehr, N. and H. von Storch, 1997: Climate works. A anatomy of a disbanded line of research. GKSS 97/E/60

Stehr, N., und H. von Storch, 1998: Soziale Naturwissenschaft oder die Zukunft der Wissenschaftskulturen. Vorgänge 37, 8-12

Stein, O. and A. Hense, 1994: A reconstructed time series of the number of extreme lows pressure events since 1880. Meteor. Z. (N.F.) 3, 43-46

Stendel, M., I.A. Mogensen and J.H. Christensen, 2005: Influence of various forcings on global climate in historical times using a coupled AOGCM, Clim. Dyn., 25, 10.1007/s00382-005-0041-4

Sterl, A., G. Komen and P.D. Cotton, 1998: Fifteen years of global wave hindcasts using winds from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather reanalysis: Validating the reanalyzed winds and assessing the wave climate. J. Geophys Res. 103, C3, 5477 - 5492

Sterl, A., van den Brink, H., de Vries, H., Haarsma, R., and van Meijgaard, E., 2009: An ensemble study of extreme storm surge related water levels in the North Sea in a changing climate. Ocean Sci., 5, 369-378

Stevens, B., and S. Bony, 2013: What are climate models missing? Science 340, 1053-1054

Stevens, M., and G.R. North, 1996: Detection of the climate response to the solar cycle. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 2594 - 2608

Stewart, T.T., J.L. Mumpower and P. Reagan-Cirincione, 1992: Scientists agreement and disagreement about global climate change: Evidence from surveys. Research Report, Center for Policy Research, Graduate School of Public Affairs, Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, USA, 25 pp

Stommel, H., 1987: A View of the Sea. A Discussion between a Chief Engineer and an Oceanographer about the machinery of the Ocean Circulation. Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08458-0, 165 pp.

Stommel, H., 1948: The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents. Trans. Amer. Geo. Union 29, 202-206

Stopps, G.J., 1968: Symposium on air quality criteria - lead. J. Occup. Medicine 10: 550-564

Stoyan, D., H. Stoyan and U. Jansen, 1997: Umweltstatistik: Statistische Verarbeitung und Analyse von Umweltdaten. Teubner Stuttgart, Leipzig, ISBN 3-8154-3526-9, 348 pp.

Suarez M.J., and P.S. Schopf, 1988: A delayed action oscillator for ENSO, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287

Sutera, A., 1981: On stochastic perturbation and long term climate behavior. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc 107, 137-153

Sündermann, J., and H. Vollmers, 1972: Tidewellen in Ästuarien. Wasserwirtschaft 62, 1-9

Sverdrup, H.U., 1947: Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean; with applications to the equatorial currents of the eastern Pacific. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences USA 33, 318-326

Syvitski, J., A. J. Kettner, I. Overeem, E. W. H. Hutton, M. T. Hannon, G. R. Brakenridge, J. Day, C. V?r?smarty, Y. Saito, L. Giosan and R. J. Nicholls, 2003: Sinking deltas due to human activities. nature geoscience doi: 10.1038/ngeo629

Tahvonen O., H. von Storch and J. von Storch, 1994: Economic efficiency of CO₂ reduction programs, Climate Res. 4, 127-141

Tahvonen O., H. von Storch and J. von Storch, 1995: Atmospheric CO₂ accumulation and problems in dynamically efficient emission abatement. G. Boero and Z.A. Silbertston (ed.): Environmental Economics. St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-12579-8, 234-265

Tafferner A., and J. Egger, 1990: Test of theories of lee cyclogenesis: ALPEX cases. J. Atmos. Sci 47, 2418-2428

Takens, F., 1981: Detecting strange attractors in turbulence. In D.A. Rand and L.-S. Young (Eds.) Dynamical Systems and Turbulence. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 898. Springer, Berlin, pp. 366-381

Tamazin, A., J. Ludescher, and A. Bunde, 2015: Significance of trends in long-term records. Phys. Rev. E, 91, 032806, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.91.032806 Tambe, A., 2011: Climate, Race Science and the Age of Consent in the League of Nations. Theory Culture Society 28: 109-130 (DOI: 10.1177/0263276410380942)

Tang, J., S. Song and J. Wu, 2010: Impacts of the spectral nudging technique on simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 101, 41?51, DOI 10.1007/s00704-009-0202-1

Thejll, P., and T. Schmith, 2005: Limitations on regression analysis due to serially correlated residuals: Applications to climate reconstruction from proxies. J. Geophys. Res. 11?, D18103, doi:10.1029/2005JD005895

Thiébaux, H.J. and F.W. Zwiers, 1984: The interpretation and estimation of effective sample size. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 23, 800-811

Thomas,V.M., 1995: The elimination of lead in gasoline. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 20: 301-24

Thomas, V.M., R.H. Socolow, J.J. Fanelli and T.G. Sprio, 1999: Effects of reducing lead in gasoline: an analysis of the international experience. Environ. Sci. and Technology. 33: 3942-3947

Thomas, V.M., R.H. Socolow, J.J. Fanelli and T.G. Sprio, 2000: Response to Comments on "Effects of reducing lead in gasoline: an analysis of the international experience". Environ Sci. and Technol. 34(19): 4254

Timmermann, A., and G. Lohmann, 2000: Noise-induced transitions in a simplified model of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceano. 30: 1891-1900

Tol, R.S.J, 2006: Exchange rates and climate change: An application of FUND. Climatic Change 75: 59?80

Tol, R.S.J, 2008: Economic Scenarios of Global Change. In H. von Storch, R.S.J. Tol and G. Fl?ser (eds): Environmental Crises. Science and Policy GKSS School of Environmental Research, Springer Berlin-Heidelberg New York, ISBN 978-3-540-75895-2, 17-36

Tol, R.S.J. and A. Langen, 2000: A concise history of Dutch river floods. Climatic Change 46: 357-369

Tol, R.S.J., and G. W. Yohe, 2006: A Review of the Stern Review, World Economics 7, 2006, 233-250

Trenberth, K.E. and D.A. Paolino, 1980: The Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure data set: Trends, errors and discontinuities. Mon. Wea. Rev. 108, 855-87

Trigo, R.M., and J.P. Palutikof, 2001: Precipitation Scenarios over Iberia: A Comparison between Direct GCM Output and Different Downscaling Techniques. J. Climate 14, 4422-4446

Troll, C., 1947: Die geographische Wissenschaft in Deutschland in den Jahren 1933 bis 1945. Eine Kritik und Rechtfertigung. Erdkunde 1,3-48

Troup, A.J., 1965: The Southern Oscillation. Q. J. R. Meteor, Soc. 91, 490-506

Tsimitri, C., B. Rockel, A. W?est, N. M. Budnev, M. Sturm, M. Schmid, 2015: Drivers of deep water renewal events observed over 13 years in the South Basin of Lake Baikal, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., DOI 10.1002/2014JC010449

Tyler, D.E., 1982: On the optimality of the simultaneous redundancy transformations. Psychometrika 47, 77-86

Ulbrich, U., G. Bürger, D. Schriever, H. von Storch, S.L. Weber and G. Schmitz, 1993: The effect of a regional increase in ocean surface roughness on the tropospheric circulation: a GCM experiment. Climate Dyn. 8, 277-285.

Ulrych, T.J. and T.N. Bishop, 1975: Maximum entropy spectral analysis and autoregressive decomposition, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13, 1, 183-200

Ungar, S., 1992: The rise and (relative) decline of global warming as a social problem. Sociol. Quarterly 33, 483-502

Ungar, S., 1994: Social scares and global warming: beyond the Rio Convention. Society and Natural Resources 8: 443-456

Ungar, S., 2003: Global warming versus ozone depletion: failure and success in North America. CR 23:263-274

Ungar, S., 1999: Is strange weather in the air? A study of U.S. national network news coverage of extreme weather events. Climatic Change 41: 133-159

Ungar, S., 2000: Knowledge, ignorance and the popular cultures: climate change versus the ozone hole. Public Understand. Sci 9: 297-312

Ungar, S., 2011: The artful creation of global moral panic. 190-207

Umlauff, F., 1891: Das Luftmeer. Die Grundzüge der Meteorologie und Klimatologie nach den neuesten Forschungen. A. Hartlebens Verlag Wien Pest Leipzig

van Andel, T., 1994: New views on an old planet. A history of global change. Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 439 pp.

van Bernem, C. and T. Lübbe, 1997: Öl im Meer. Katastrophen und langfristige Belastungen. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt, ISBN 3-534-12135-X, 176 pp.

van Boxsel, M., 2004: Birth of the water wolf. De Gids. 167:30-36

van den Dool, H. M., S. Saha and A. Johansson, 2000: Empirical Orthogonal teleconnections. J. Climate 13, 1421-1435

van den Dool, H.M., H. J. Krijnen and C. J. E. Schuurmans, 1978: Average winter temperatures at De Bilt (The Netherlands): years 1634-1977. Climate Change, 1, 319-330.

van der Sluijs, J.P., 2010: Uncertainty and complexity: the need for new ways of interfacing climate science and climate policy. In: P. Driessen P. Leroy, and W. van Vierssen (Eds), From Climate Change to Social Change: Perspectives on Science - Policy Interactions, International Books, Utrecht, 31-49.

van der Molen, J. and H.E. de Swart, 2001: Holocene tidal conidtions and tide-induced sand transport in hte southern North Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 106 C5, 9339-9362

van der Vink, G., R.M. Allen, J. Chapin, M. Crooks, W. Fraley, J. Krantz, A.M. Lavigne, A. LeCuyer, E.K.MacCroll, W.J. Morgan, B. Ries, E. Robinson, K. Rodriques, M. Schmith and K. Sponberg, 1998: Why the United States is becoming more vulnerable to natural disasters. EOS 79 (44), 533, 537

van Garderen, L., Feser, F., and Shepherd, T. G., 2021: A methodology for attributing the role of climate change in extreme events: a global spectrally nudged storyline, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 171?186, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-171-2021

van Hooff, R.W., 1993: Trends in the wave climate of the Atlantic and the North Sea: Evidence and Implications. Underwater Technology 19 (4), 20 - 23

van Leussen, W., G. Radach, W. van Raaphorst, F. Colijn and R. Laane, 1996: The North-West European Shelf Programme (NOWESP): integrated analysis of shelf processes based on existing data sets and models. ICES J. Mar. SCi. 53, 926-932

van Loon, H., 1967: The half-yearly oscillation in middle and high southern latitudes and the coreless winter. J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 472-486

van Loon, H., 1972: Pressure in the Southern Hemisphere. In Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. Meteor. Monograph Vol, 13. American Meteor. Soc., Boston, 59-86

van Loon, H. and H. J. Rogers, 1978: The seesaw in winter temperature between Greenland and northern Europe. Part 1: General description. Mon. Wea. Rev. 106, 296-310

van Oldenborgh, G.J., A. van Urk and M. Allen, 2012: The absence of a role of climate change in the 2011 Thailand floods. Bull Amer. Met. Soc., 1047-1049; DOI :10.1175/BAMS -D-12-00021.1

Vaughan, C., and S. Dessai, 2014: Climate services for society: Origins, institutional arrangements, and design elements for an evaluation framework, WIREs Climate Change http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.290

Vautard, R., 1995: Patterns in time: SSA and MSSA. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag 259-280 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

Vautard, R. and M. Ghil, 1989: Singular spectrum analysis in nonlinear dynamics with applications to paleoclimatic time series, Physica D 35, 395-424

Vautard, R., C. Pires and G. Plaut, 1996 : Long-range atmospheric predictability using space-time principal components. Mon Wea Rev., 124, 288-307

Vautard, R., P. Yiou and M. Ghil, 1992: Singular spectrum analysis: A toolkit for short, noisy chaotic signals. Physica D 58, 95-126

Vautard, R., van Oldenborgh, G. J., Otto, F. E. L., Yiou, P., de Vries, H., van Meijgaard, E., Stepek, A., Soubeyroux, J.-M., Philip, S., Kew, S. F., Costella, C., Singh, R., and Tebaldi, C.: Human influence on European winter wind storms such as those of January 2018, Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 271-286, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-271-2019, 2019.

Vecchi, Gabriel A., Stephan Fueglistaler, Isaac M. Held, Thomas R. Knutson, Ming Zhao, 2013: Impacts of Atmospheric Temperature Trends on Tropical Cyclone Activity. J. Climate, 26, 3877?3891. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00503.1

Venäläinen, A., H. Tuomenvirta, M. Heikinheimo, S. Kellomäki, H. Peltola, H. Strandman and H. Väisänen, 2001: Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested landscape. Clim. Res.17, 63-72

Vemuri, V., 1978: Modeling of Complex Systems. Academic Press, New York. 448 pp

Vikebø, F., T. Furevik, G. Furnes. N.G. Kvamstø and M. Reistad, 2001: Wave height variations in the North Sea and on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, Cont. Shelf Res. 1881-1999

Vincent, L., 1998: A technique for the identification of inhomogeneities in Canadian temperature series. J. Climate 11, 1094-1104

von Drygalski, E., 1887: Die Geoiddeformationen der Eiszeit. Teil I. PhD Dissertation, Friedrich-Wilhelms Universit?t, Berlin

von Humboldt, A., 1817: Des lignes isothermes et de la distribuion de la chaleur sur le globe. Memoires de physique et de chimie de la societe d'Arceuil. (Paris, 1817), 462-602

von Storch, H.: see separate list of books, papers and various publications

von Storch, J.-S., 1994: Interdecadal variability in a global coupled model, Tellus 46A, 419-432

von Storch, J.-S., 1995: Multivariate statistical modelling: POP model as a first order approximation. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 281-297 (ISBN 3-540-58918-X)

von Storch, J.-S., 1998: Natural climate variability and concepts of natural climate variability. In: H. von Storch and G. Flöser (Eds.): Anthropogenic Climate Change. Springer Verlag, 83-135, ISBN 3-540-65033-4

von Storch, J.-S., 1999: What determines the spectrum of a climate variable at zero frequency. J. Climate

von Storch, J.-S., V. Kharin, U. Cubasch, G. Hegerl, R. Schnur, D. Schriever, H. von Storch and E. Zorita, 1997: A 1260 year control integration with a coupled general circulation model. J. Climate 10, 1526-1544

von Storch, J.-S., and P. Müller, 1998: Decadal variability in millennium integrations with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models. In Holloway, G., P. Müller and D. Henderson (Eds): Biotic impacts of extratropical climate variability in the Pacific. Proceedings 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, University of Hawaii at Manoa, January 25-29, 1998; 37-50

von Storch, J.-S., P. Müller, R. J. Stouffer, R. Voss and S. F. B. Tett, 1999: Variability of deep-ocean mass transport: Spectral shapes and spatial scales .J. Climate, 13, 1916-1935.

Vos, P.C.. and W.P. van Kesteren, 2000: The long term evolution of intertidal mudflats in the northern Netherlands during the Holocene; natural and anthropogenic processes. Cont. Shelf Res., 20: 1687-1710

Voss, R., and R. Sausen, 1996: Techniques For Asynchronous And Periodically Synchronous Coupling Of Atmosphere And Ocean Models. Part I: Impact Of Variability. Clim Dyn 12, 605-614

Voss, R., R. Sausen and U. Cubasch, 1998: Periodically synchroneously coupled integrations with the atmosphere-ocean general circulation model ECHAM3/LSG. Clim. Dyn. 14: 249-266

Vyushin,D., I. Zhidkov, S. Havlin, A. Bunde, and S. Brenner, 2004: Volcanic forcing improves Atmosphere-Ocean Coupled General Circulation Model scaling performance. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L10206, doi:10.1029/2004GL019499

Wackernagel, H., 1995: Multivariate Geostatistics, Springer Verlag, 270 pp ISBN 3-540-60127-9

Wackernagel, H., and M. Schmitt, 2000: Statistical interpolation models. In: H. von Storch and G. Flöser (Eds): Models in Environmental Research. Springer Verlag (in press)

Wagner S., S. Legutke and E. Zorita, 2004: European winter temperature variability in a long coupled model simulation: the contribution of ocean dynamics. Climate Dynamics (accepted)

Waldman, R., S. Somot, M. Herrmann, A. Bosse, G. Caniaux, C. Estourel, L. Houpert, L. Prieur, F. Sevault, adn P. Testor, 2017: Modelling the intense 2012-2013 dense water formation event in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Evaluation with an ensemble asimulation approach. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 1297-1324, doi: 10.1002/2016/JCO12437

Waliser, D. E., C. Jones, J.-K. E. Schemm and N.E. Graham, 1999: A statistical extended-range tropical forecast model based on the slow evolution of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate 12: 1918-1939

Walker, G.T. and Bliss, E.W., 1932: World Weather V, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. 4, 53-84

Wallace, J.M. and R.E. Dickinson, 1972: Empirical orthogonal representation of time series in the frequency domain. Part I: Theoretical considerations. J. Appl. Meteor. 11, 887-892

Wallace, J. M. and D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnection in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109, 784-812

Wallace, J.M., G.-H. Lim and M.L. Blackmon, 1988: Relationship between cyclone tracks, anticyclone tracks and baroclinic waveguides. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 439-462

Wallace, J.M., E.M. Rasmusson, T.P. Mitchell, V.E. Kousky, E.S. Sarachik and H. von Storch, 1998: On the structure and evolution of ENSO related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Lessons from TOGA. J. Geophys. Res. 103, C7: 14241-14259

Wallace, J.M., C. Smith and C.S. Bretherton, 1992: Singular value decomposition of wintertime sea surface temperature and 500-mb height anomalies. J. Climate. 5, 561-576

Walter, S., F. de Silva.Schmidt, and M. Br?ggemann, 2017: From ?Knowledge Brokers? to Opinion Makers: How Physical Presence Affected Scientists? Twitter Use During the COP21 Climate Change Conference. International Journal of Communication 11, 570?591

WAMDI Group, S. Hasselmann, K. Hasselmann, E. Bauer, P.A.E.M. Janssen, G.J. Komen, L. Bertotti, P. Lionello, A. Guillaume, V.C. Cardone, J.A. Greenwood, M. Reistad, L. Zambresky and J.A. Ewing, 1988: The WAM model - A Third Generation Ocean Wave Prediction Model. J. Phys. Oceano., 18, 1775-1810

Wang, X. L. and F.W. Zwiers, and V.R. Swail, 2004: North Atlantic Ocean wave climate change scenarios for the twenty-first century, J Climate 17, 2368-2383

Wang, Y., L. R. Leung, J.L. McGregor, D.-L. Lee, W.-C. Wang, Y. Ding and F. Kimura, 2004: Regional climate modelling: progress, challenges and prospects. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 82, 1599-1628

Wanner, H., R. Brádzil, P. Frich, K. Frydendahl, T. Jonsson, J. Kington, H.H. Lamb, S. Rosenørn and E. Wishman, 1994: Synoptic interpretation of monthly weather maps for the late Maunder Minimum (1675-1704). In B. Frenzel (ed): "Climatic trends and anomalies in Europe 1675-1715", Paläoklimaforschung 13, 401-424 (ISBN 3-437-30774-6)

Wanner, H., C. Pfister, R. Brádzil, P. Frich, K. Frydendahl, T. Jonsson, J. Kington, C. Pfister, S. Rosenørn and E. Wishman, 1995: Wintertime European circulation patterns during the late Maunder Minimum cooling period. Theor. Appl.Climatol. 51: 167-175

Wanner, H., D. Gyalistras, Jürg Luterbacher, Ralph Rickli, E. Salvisberg, C. Schmutz, 2000: Klimawandel in den Schweizer Alpen. vfd, Hochschulverlag der ETH, ISBN 3-7281-2395-1, 285 pp

Wanner, H., H. Holzhauser, C. Pfister and H. Zumbühl, 2000: Interannual to century scale climate variability in the European Alps. Erdkunde, 54, 62-69

Wanner, H., C. Pfister, R. Brádzil, P. Frich, K. Frydendahl, T. Jonsson, J. Kington, H.H. Lamb, S. Rosenørn and E. Wishman, 1995: Wintertime European circulation patterns during the late Maunder Minimum cooling period (1675-1704). Theor. Appl. Climatol. 51, 167-175

Ward, M.N., 1995: Analysing the boral summer relationship between worldwide sea surface temperature and atmospheric variability. In: H. von Storch and A. Navarra (eds) ``Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques'', Springer Verlag, 95-117

Ward, M.N. and C.K. Folland, 1991: Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the N Nordeste of Brazil using eigenvectors of sea surface temperature. Int. J. Clim., 11, 711-743

WASA group, 1994: Comment on ``Increases in Wave Heights over the North Atlantic: A Review of the Evidence and some Implications for the Naval Architect'' by N. Hogben. Trans Roy. Inst. Naval Arch. 107-110

WASA group, 1995: The WASA project: Changing storm and wave climate in the Northeast Atlantic and adjacent seas. Proc. Fourth Intern. Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, Banff, Canada, Oct. 16-20, 1995

WASA, 1998: Changing waves and storms in the Northeast Atlantic? Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 79, 741-760

WASA project, 1996: Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI, Deutscher Wetterdienst, 39

Washington, W., 1968: Computer simulation of the Earth's atmosphere. Science J. 37-41

Washington, W., 1972: Numerical climatic change experiments: The effect of man's production of thermal energy. J. Appl. Meteorol. 11, 763-772

Washington, W., 1999: Three dimensional numerical simulation of climate: The fundamentals. In: H. von Storch and G. Flöser (Eds.): Anthropogenic Climate Change. Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-65033-4, 37-60

Washington, W.M. and C.L. Parkinson, 2005: An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modelling. 2nd edition, University Science Books, Sausalito, California, 354 pp. (1st edition, 1986, 422 pp)

Weare, B.C. and J.N. Nasstrom, 1982: Examples of extended empirical orthogonal function analyses, Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 481-485

Weart, S.R., 1997: The discovery of the risk of global warming. Physics Today, January 1997, 35-40

Weart, S.R., 1997: Global warming, Cold War, and the evolution of research plans. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 27:2 319-356

Weaver, A.J., J. Marotzke, P.F. Cummins and E.S. Sarachik, 1993: Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 39-60

Weber, S.L., H. von Storch, P. Viterbo and L. Zambresky, 1993: Coupling an ocean wave model to an atmospheric general circulation model. Climate Dyn. 9, 63-69

Wehry, W. and F.J. Ossing, 1997: Wolken - Malerei - Klima. Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft e.V. (DMG), Berlin, ISBN 3-928903-13-6, 191 pp

Weichert, A., and G. Bürger, 1998: Linear versus nonlinear techniques in downscaling. Clim. Res. 10, 83-93

Weickmann, L., and H. Ungeheuer, 1952: Grundlagen der Klima- und Wetterkunde. In A. Seybold and H. Wolterek (eds.): Klima - Wetter - Mensch, 2nd edition, Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg, 11-90

Weidemann, H., R. Weisse and I. Grabemann, 2011: Statistisch regionalisierte Sturmflutszenarien f?r die deutsche Nordseek?ste. submitted (K?ste)

Weingart, P., 1999: Scientific expertise and political accountability: paradoxes of science in politics. Science and Public Policy 26, 151-161

Weingart, P., 2001: Die Stunde der Wahrheit. Zum Verh?ltnis der Wissenschaft zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Medien in der Wissensgesellschaft. Weilerswist: Velbrück

Weingart, P., A. Engels and P. Pansegrau, 2000: Risks of communication: Discourses on climate change in science, politics and the mass media. Public Understanding of Science 9, 261-283

Weinstein, J., and N. Stehr, 1999: The power of knowledge: race science, race policy and the Holocaust. Social Epistemology 13: 3-36

Weiss, L.L., 1964: Sequences of wet and dry days described by a Markov chain model. Mon. Wea. Rev. 92, 169-176

Weisse, R. and F. Feser, 2003: Evaluation of a method to reduce uncertainty in wind hincasts performed with regional atmosphere models. Coastal Eng. 48, 211 - 255

Weisse, R., P. Bisling, L. Gaslikova1, B. Geyer, N. Groll, M. Hortamani, V. Matthias, M. Maneke, I. Meinke, E.M.I. Meyer, F. Schwichtenberg, F. Stempinski, F. Wies and K. W?ckner-Kluwe, 2015: Climate services for marine applications in Europe. Earth Perspectives 2:3 DOI 10.1186/s40322-015-0029-0

Weisse, R., L. Gaslikova, B. Geyer, N. Groll and E. Meyer, 2014: coastDat ? Model Data for Science and Industry. Die K?ste 81, 5-18

Weisse, R., and H. G?nther, 2007: Wave climate and long-term changes for the Southern North Sea obtained from a high-resolution hindcast 1958-2002. Ocean Dynamics 57, 161-172; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0094-x

Weisse, R., H. Heyen and H. von Storch, 2000: Sensitivity of a regional atmospheric model to a sea state dependent roughness and the need of ensemble calculations. Mon. Wea. Rev. 128(10), 3631-3642

Weisse, R., U. Mikolajewicz and E. Maier-Reimer, 1994: Decadal variability of the North Atlantic in an Ocean General Circulation Model. J. Geophys. Res. 99C6, 12411-12421

Weisse, R., U. Mikolajewicz, A. Sterl, and S. Drijfhout, 1999: Stochastically forced variability in the Antarctic Circupolar Current, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11049-11064

Weisse, R., H. von Storch and F. Feser, 2005: Northeast Atlantic and North Sea storminess as simulated by a regional climate model 1958-2001 and comparison with observations. J. Climate 18, 465-479

Weisse, T., and R. Oestreicher, 2001: Reconstruction of potential evaporation for water balance studies. Clim. Res. 16(2), 123-131

Weisse, R. and A. Plü?, 2005: Storm related sea level variations along the North Sea Coast as simulated by a high-resolution model 1958-2002, Ocean Dynamics, 56(1), 16-25, DOI: 10.1007/s10236-005-0037-y

Wenzel, M., J. Schröter, 2006: Understanding measured sea level rise by data assimilation, Proceedings, ESA Workshop: 15 years of progress in radar altimetry

Werner, P.C., and F.W. Gerstengarbe, 1997: A proposal for the development of climate scenarios. Clim. Res. 8:171-182

Werner, P.C. and H. von Storch, 1993: Interannual variability of Central European mean temperature in January / February and its relation to the large-scale circulation. Clim. Res. 3, 195-207

Whetton, P.H., J.J. Katzfey, K.J. Hennessy, X. Wu, L.J. Mcgregor and K. Nguyen, 2001: Developing scenarios of climate change for Southeastern Australia: an example using regional climate model output. Clim. Res. 16: 181-201

Wiese A, Staneva J, Ho-Hagemann HTM, Grayek S, Koch W and Schrum C (2020) Internal Model Variability of Ensemble Simulations With a Regional Coupled Wave-Atmosphere Model GCOAST. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:596843. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.596843

Wigley, T.M.L. and T.P. Barnett, 1990: Detection of the Greenhouse Effect in the Observations. In J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums (Eds.) Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, 239-255

Wigley, T.M.L. and P.D. Jones, 1981: Detecting CO₂-induced climate change. Nature 292, 205-208

Wigley, T. M. L. and B. D. Santer, 1990: Statistical comparison of spatial fields in model validation, perturbation and predictability experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (D), 51-866

Wigley, T.M.L., P.D. Jones, K.R. Briffa, and G. Smith, 1990} Obtaining sub-grid-scale information from coarse-resolution general circulation model output. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1943-1953

Wilby, R.L., 1998: Statistical downscaling of daily precipitation using daily airflow and seasonal teleconnection indices. Clim. Res. 10:163-178

Wilby, R.L. and T.M.L. Wigley, 1997: Downscaling general circulation model output: a review of methods and limitations. Prog. Phys. Geography, 21, 530-548

Wilby, R.L., T.M.L. Wigley, D. Conway, P.D. Jones, B.C. Hewitson, J. Main and D.S. Wilks, 1998: Statistical downscaling of general circulation model output: a comparison of methods. Water Resources Res. 34, 2995-3008

Wildavsky, A., 1995: But is it true? Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-08923-5, 574 pp.

Wilks, D.S., 1995: Statistical methods in atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, San Diego, ISDN 0-12-751965-3 (464 pp)

Willebrand, J., 1978: Temporal and spatial scales of the wind field over the North Pacific and North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 8, 1080-1094

Williams, J., W. Häfele and W. Sassin, 1979: Energy and climate: A review with emphasis on global interactions. In: Proc. World Climate Conference, Geneva 12-23 February 1979, WMO No. 537, 267-289

Williams, J., G. Krömer and A. Gilchrist, 1979: The impact of waste heat release on climate: experiments with a General Circulation Model. J. Appl. Meteor. 18, 1501-1511

Williams, J. and H. van Loon, 1976: An examination of the Northern Hemisphere Sea Level Pressure data set. Mon. Wea. Rev. 104, 1354-1361

Williamson, H., 1770: An attempt to account for the change of climate, which has been observed in the Middle Colonies in North America. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1, 272

Wilson, L. L., D. P. Lettenmaier, and E. F. Wood, 1991: Simulation of daily precipitation in the Pacific Northwest using a weather classification scheme. In E. F. Wood (Ed.) Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling: Observations, Models, and Analysis. Surv. Geophys., 12(1-3), 127-142, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Wiltshire, K.H. und B.F.J. Manly, 2004: The warming trend at Helgoland Roads, North Sea: hytoplankton response. Helgol. Mar. Res 58, 269-273

Winguth, A. M. E., 1997: Assimilation von delta 13C Daten aus marinen Sedimentbohrkernen in das LSG zu Rekonstruktion der Ozeanzirkulation während des letzten glazialen Maximums. MPI Examensarbeit 47

Winterfeldt, J. and R. Weisse, 2009: Assessment of Value Added for Surface Marine Wind Speed Obtained from Two Regional Climate Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2955-2965, doi:10.1175/2009MWR2704.1

Wiser, E. H., 1965: Modified Markov probability models of sequences of precipitation events. Mon. Weath. Rev. 93, 511-516

Woetmann Nielsen, N., 2014: To efterårsstorme? i 2013. Vejret 138, 2-13

Wolf, T. and W. Rosenthal, 2000: Simulation of the local wind and wave field in an inner lagoon of the Baltic Sea, GKSS 2000/5

Wolff, J.-O., E. Maier-Reimer und S. Legutke, 1997: The Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation Model. DKRZ Technical Report No 13, DKRZ, Hamburg, Germany

Woodruff, S.D., R.J. Slutz, R.J. Jenne and P.M. Steurer, 1987: A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. Bulletin American Meteor. Soc. 68, 1239-1250

Woodward, R.S., 1886: On the form and position of the sea level as dependent on superficial masses symmetrically disposed with respect to a radius of the Earth's surface. Vol. I, Ann. Mathematics 2(5), 97-103

Woodward, R.S., 1886: On the form and position of the sea level as dependent on superficial masses symmetrically disposed with respect to a radius of the Earth's surface. Vol. I, Ann. Mathematics 2(6), 121-103

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1966: Climatic Change. (Technical Note No. 79). Geneva, Switzerland

Woth, K., 2001: Abschätzung einer zukünftigen Niederschlagsentwicklung mit statistischen Methoden unter Einbezug räumlicher Differenzierungsverfahren am Beispiel des südwesteuropäischen Raums. GKSS Report

Woth, K., and R. Weisse, 2007: Spatially high resolved projections of possible future changes in North Sea storm surge extremes. JCOMM Scientific and Technical Symposium on Storm Surges, 2?6 October 2007, Seoul, Korea Rep.

Woth, K., R. Weisse and H. von Storch, 2005: Dynamical modelling of North Sea storm surge extremes under climate change conditions - an ensemble study. Ocean Dyn. DOI 10.1007/s10236-005-0024-3

Woth K., 2005: Projections of North Sea storm surge extremes in a warmer climate: How important are the RCM driving GCM and the chosen scenario? Geophys Res Lett: 32, L22708, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023762

Woth K. and R. Weisse, 2008: High resolution projections of possible future changes in North Sea storm surge extremes, Proceedings JCOMM 2007, Seoul; http://www.ioc-goos.org/components/com_oe/oe.php?task=viewDocFilesPopup&docID=1422

Wright, D.G., K.R. Thompson and Y. Lu, 2006: Assimilating long-term hydrographic information into an eddy-permitting model of the North Atlantic . J Geophys. Res. 111 (C9), C09022

Wright, P.B., 1985: The Southern Oscillation - An ocean-atmosphere feedback system. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 66, 398-412

Wyrtki, K., 1990: Sea level rise. The facts and the future. Pacific Science 44: 1-16

Xiu, P., F. Chai, L. Shi, H. Xue, and Y. Chao (2010), A census of eddy activities in the South China Sea during 1993?2007, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C03012, doi:10.1029/2009JC005657

Xoplaki, E., P. Maheras and J. Luterbacher, 2001: Variability of climate in meridional Balkans during the periods 1675-1715 and 1780-1830 and its impact on human life. Climatic Change 48: 581-615

Xu, J.-S., 1992: On the relationship between the stratospheric QBO and the tropospheric SO. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 725-734

Xu, J., 1993: The joint modes of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system observed from 1967 to 1986. J. Climate 6, 816-838

Xu, J.-S. and H. von Storch, 1990: "Principal Oscillation Patterns"-prediction of the state of ENSO. J. Climate 3, 1316-1329

Xu, J., H. von Storch and H. van Loon, 1990: The performance of four spectral GCMs in the Southern Hemisphere: The January and July climatology and the semiannual wave. J. Climate 3, 53-70

Yoshimura, K., and M. Kananitsu, 2008: Dynamical global downscaling of global reanalysis. Mon. Wea. Rev. 136: 2983-2998

Zhang, X., T. Li, F. Weng, C.-C. Wu, and L. Xu, 2007: Reanalysis of western Pacific typhoons in 2004 with multi-satellite observations. Meteorol Atmos Phys. DOI 10.1007/s00703-006-0240-5, 16pp

Zhao Y., Wang D., Liang Z and Xu J., 2016: Improving numerical experiments on persistent severe rainfall events in southern China using spectral nudging and filtering schemes. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. DOI:10.1002/qj.2892

Zhao, Y., Wang D., and X Jianjun, 2017: Improving the regional model forecasting of persistent severe rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley using the spectral nudging and update cycle methods: a case study. Atmos. Sci. Let. DOI: 10.1002/asl.731

Zhongwei, Y., 1994: Climatic changes in eastern China around A.D. 1700', In: Frenzel, B., Pfister, C., and Glaeser B. (eds), Climatic trends and anomalies in Europe 1675-1715, Fischer, Stuttgart, pp. 317-327.

Ziegler, H., 2004: Warum nur tut sich die Wissenschaft mit dem Vorsorgeprinzip so schwer? Eine Ermunterung zu anderem Selbstbewu?tsein. GAIA 13/4, 241-247

Ziegler, H., 2008: Adaptation versus mitigation. Zur Begriffspolitik in der Klimadebatte. GAIA 17/1: 19?24

Zorita, E., 2000: Predicci?n global y regional del clima. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencia.

Zorita, E. and C. Frankignoul, 1997: Modes of North Atlantic decadal variability in the ECHAM1/LSG coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. J. Climate 10, 183-200

Zorita, E. and J.F. González-Rouco, 2000: Disagreement between predictions of the future behaviour of the Arctic Oscillation as simulated by two different climate models: Implications for global warming. Geophysical Research Letters 27, 1755-1758

Zorita, E., and F. González-Rouco, 2002: Are temperature-sensitive proxies adequate for North Atlanctic Oscillation reconstructions?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 48-1 - 48-4

Zorita, E., F. González-Rouco and S. Legutke, 2003: Testing the Mann et al. (1998) approach to paleoclimate reconstructions in the context of a 1000-yr control simulation with the ECHO-G coupled climate model . Journal of Climate, 16, 1368-1390

Zorita, E., J. Hughes, D. Lettenmaier, and H. von Storch, 1995: Stochastic characterisation of regional circulation patterns for climate model diagnosis and estimation of local precipitation. J. Climate 8 1023 - 1042

Zorita, E., and F. Gonz?lez-Rouco,2002: Are temperature-sensitive proxies adequate for North Atlanctic Oscillation reconstructions? Geophys. Res. Lett. (in press)

Zorita, E., V. Kharin and H. von Storch, 1992: The atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic in winter. Their interaction and relevance for Iberian rainfall. J. Climate 5, 1097-1108

Zorita, E., and A. Laine, 2000: Dependence of salinity and oxygen concentrations in the Baltic Sea on the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Clim. Res. 14:25-41

Zorita, E. and H.v.Storch: A survey of statistical downscaling techniques. GKSS Report No 97/E/20.

Zorita, E. and H.von Storch, 1991: Estimaci?n de cambios en la precipitaci?n en la Peninsula Ib?rica a partir de experimentos con modelos de circulaci?n general. In "Modelos en Meteorolog?a y Climatolog?a", Universidad Complutense, Madrid (1991)

Zorita, E. and H. von Storch, 1999: The analog method - a simple statistical downscaling technique: comparison with more complicated methods. - J. Climate 12: 2474-2489

Zorita, E., J.F. González-Rouco and S. Legutke, 2003: Testing the Mann et al. (1998) Approach to Paleoclimate Reconstructions in the Context of a 1000-Yr Control Simulation with the ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model. Journal of Climate 16, 1368-1390.

Zorita, E., and J,F. Gonzá,lez-Rouco, 2002: Are temperature-sensitive proxies adequate for North Atlanctic Oscillation reconstructions?. Geophysical Research Letters, 29 (14), 48-1 - 48-4

Zucchini, W., and P. Guttorp, 1991: A hidden Markov model for space-time precipitation. Water Resour. Res. 27, 1917-1923

Zwiers, F. W., 1987: Statistical consideration for climate experiments. Part II: Multivariate tests. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 26, 477-487

Zwiers, F. W., 1988: Aspects of the statistical analysis of climate experiments with multiple integrations. Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie report 18, June 1988, 33pp.

Zwiers, F. W., 1990: The effect of serial correlation on statistical inferences made with resampling procedures. J. Climate 3, 1452-1461

Zwiers, F.W., 1993: Simulation of the Asian Summer Monsoon with the CCC GCM-1. J. Climate 6, 470-486

Zwiers, F.W., 1999: The detection of climate change. In: H. von Storch and G. Flöser (Eds.): Anthropogenic Climate Change. Springer Verlag, 163-209, ISBN 3-540-65033-4

Zwiers, F. W. and G. J. Boer, 1987: A comparison of climates simulated by a General Circulation Model when run in the annual cycle and perpetual modes. Mon. Wea. Rev. 115, 2626-2644

Zwiers, F. W. and V.V. Kharin, 1998: Intercomparison of interannual variability and potential predictability: an AMIP diagnostic subproject. Clim. Dyn. 14: 517-528

Zwiers, F. W. and V.V. Kharin, 1998: Changes in the extremes of the climate simulated by CCC GCM2 under CO₂ doubling. J. Climate 11: 2200-2222

Zwiers, F. W. and S.S. Shen, 1997: Errors in estimating spherical harmonic coefficients from partically sampled GCM output. Clim. Dyn. 13: 703-716

Zwiers, F.W. and H.J. Thiébaux, 1987: Statistical considerations for climate experiments. Part I. Scalar tests. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 26, 464-476

Zwiers, F.W. and H. von Storch, 1989: Multivariate recurrence analysis. J. Climate 2, 1538-1553

Zwiers, F.W. and H. von Storch, 1990: Regime dependent auto-regressive time series modelling of the Southern Oscillation, J. Climate 3, 1347-1363

Zwiers, F.W. and H. von Storch, 1995: Taking serial correlation into account in tests of the mean. J. Climate 8, 336-351

Zwiers, F.W. and X. Zhang, 2003: Towards regional-scale climate change detection. J. Climate, 16, 793-797

Ådlandvik, B, 2008: Marine downscaling of a future climate scenario for the North Sea. Tellus A 60 (3) , 451?458 doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00311.x